Questões de Concursos AMEOSC

Gelo derreteu sob nossos pés: a dramática foto de huskies correndo sobre água que revela rápido degelo da Groenlândia

Em junho de 2019, uma imagem impressionante de cães da raça husky siberiano viralizou rapidamente e assombrou o mundo. Ela mostrava os animais aparentemente andando sobre a água na Groenlândia.

A foto foi tirada pelo cientista climático Steffen Olsen, do Instituto Meteorológico Dinamarquês. Ele é o líder do projeto europeu Blue Action, que pesquisa os efeitos das mudanças no Ártico sobre o clima do planeta.

"Eu me surpreendi ao ver que tantas pessoas achavam bonita aquela foto. Eu a vi como uma situação assustadora."

Os cachorros, na verdade, caminhavam em meio a uma camada de água derretida, da altura de um tornozelo humano, sobre o gelo marinho em Inglefield Bredning, no noroeste da Groenlândia.

"Aprendi a ver a foto como uma ilusão", conta Olsen. "As pessoas não veem o gelo marinho, mas os cães andando sobre a água."

Olsen tirou a foto enquanto viajava com uma equipe de cientistas que monitorava as condições do mar e do gelo perto de Qaanaaq, uma das cidades localizadas mais ao norte do planeta. Eles recuperavam instrumentos científicos que haviam instalado durante o inverno.

"Viajávamos há algumas horas e ficou claro que derretimento era muito grave. O gelo derreteu mais ou menos abaixo dos nossos pés enquanto caminhávamos sobre ele", relembra Olsen.

"Os caçadores locais e eu estávamos muito surpresos; procurávamos pontos secos para retirar os cães e os esquis da água e não havia nenhum em vista. Os cachorros costumam hesitar muito para colocar as patas na água, segundo Olsen.

"Normalmente, quando encontramos água, é porque existem rachaduras no gelo marinho e os cães precisam pular sobre a água e eles odeiam isso. Mas estava muito quente e achamos que eles estavam felizes por poderem refrescar as patas." Ele conta que, naquele dia, as temperaturas atingiram 14 °C.

Os cientistas conseguiram recuperar seus instrumentos alguns dias depois, quando a água já havia se infiltrado nas pequenas rachaduras da cobertura de gelo.

"Você tem um curto período de tempo para regressar, até que o gelo entre em colapso e se rompa", explica Olsen.

O cientista conta que ficou surpreso com o rápido derretimento observado quando ele tirou a foto. Ele só havia experimentado este evento extremo uma vez, durante seus quinze anos, realizando pesquisas na Groenlândia. Não é comum que o derretimento ocorra com tanta rapidez, segundo ele.

"É preciso ter uma onda súbita de ar quente quando ainda há neve fresca sobre o gelo marinho sólido", explica Olsen. Por isso, este é um exemplo de evento extremo se desenvolvendo no início da estação".

Casos de derretimento como o presenciado por Olsen, normalmente, só ocorrem no final da estação, no fim de junho ou julho.

Estes eventos têm efeito bola de neve, gerando novos derretimentos, à medida que existe menos neve e gelo para refletir os raios solares de volta para o espaço e manter a superfície fria.

O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 1 a 4.

A doll to place your dreams on...

(1º§) "Someday I'm gonna be, exactly like you... till then... I'll make believe I'm you." So went the dulcet tones of Barbie's first ever TV advert in 1959. That year, what would come to be toy company Mattel's most significant and long-lasting creation, Barbie, arrived.

(2º§) She was the brainchild of Ruth Handler; the co-founder, along with her husband Eliot, of Mattel in 1945. According to one of two origin stories (the other involving an adult novelty doll called Bild Lilli, handed out at bachelor parties), Handler noticed her daughter Barbara playing with paper dolls and decided she wanted to give her a doll that was not a baby, but a woman she could aspire to. Barbie, named after her daughter, was born and she premiered at the annual Toy Fair in New York in March 1959. In the first year, 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold.

(3º§) She was 'petite' as the advert chimes, with all the latest clothes and accessories. Among these was, of course, a wedding dress. Her immediate MO was clearly as a stylish and sophisticated style maven, the kind of svelte, pretty woman young girls wanted to be − at least in 1959. Her first ever outfit − as exemplified in Gerwig's initial teaser trailer for the Barbie movie − was a black and white swimsuit, with white heels and white-rimmed sunglasses. Unsurprisingly, by 1961, she was 'going steady' with Ken (oddly named after the Handlers' son).

Courting controversy

(4º§) By the 1960s, Barbie was already attracting criticism for being a 'sex symbol'. To counteract this, the Handlers gave her a little sister, Skipper (originally a child and now sold as a teenager), and a best friend, Midge − who would go to have her own chequered history. Fashioned as a 'homelier' friend for Barbie (with red hair and freckles) Midge would disappear after 1967, returning in the 1980s along with a husband, kids and a 'Happy Family Line' of toys, which even included Pregnant Midge (with a detachable womb!). The line courted scandal from every angle − among which was outrage that Midge was pregnant without a wedding ring. Cannily, Gerwig has lined up Emerald Fennell to play Midge. Yes, Pregnant Midge.

(5º§) Though to many Barbie was too conventional − with her improbable proportions and origins as a doll who aspires to, essentially, marry Ken − to many she was too progressive. Indeed, as early as 1968, nine years after Barbie's invention, Mattel introduced their first Black doll, Christie, a friend of Barbie. Christie arrived at a fecund point in American politics, just as the Civil Rights Act of 1968 − enshrining the illegality of racial discrimination − was passed.

(6º§) It would not be until 1980, however, that Mattel would produce its first Black Barbie. She was designed by Kitty Black Perkins, who was then chief designer for Barbie. She bought her first Barbie doll aged 28, when interviewing for the position, when she was asked to create a whole new wardrobe for the doll. She was chief designer for more than 30 years and, in 1979, she was asked to design the first ever Black Barbie. When she arrived, she was wearing a red disco jumpsuit and came with the tagline: "She's Black! She's beautiful! She's dynamite!"

(adapted) https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/entertainment/a44129282/

O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 1 a 4.

A doll to place your dreams on...

(1º§) "Someday I'm gonna be, exactly like you... till then... I'll make believe I'm you." So went the dulcet tones of Barbie's first ever TV advert in 1959. That year, what would come to be toy company Mattel's most significant and long-lasting creation, Barbie, arrived.

(2º§) She was the brainchild of Ruth Handler; the co-founder, along with her husband Eliot, of Mattel in 1945. According to one of two origin stories (the other involving an adult novelty doll called Bild Lilli, handed out at bachelor parties), Handler noticed her daughter Barbara playing with paper dolls and decided she wanted to give her a doll that was not a baby, but a woman she could aspire to. Barbie, named after her daughter, was born and she premiered at the annual Toy Fair in New York in March 1959. In the first year, 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold.

(3º§) She was 'petite' as the advert chimes, with all the latest clothes and accessories. Among these was, of course, a wedding dress. Her immediate MO was clearly as a stylish and sophisticated style maven, the kind of svelte, pretty woman young girls wanted to be − at least in 1959. Her first ever outfit − as exemplified in Gerwig's initial teaser trailer for the Barbie movie − was a black and white swimsuit, with white heels and white-rimmed sunglasses. Unsurprisingly, by 1961, she was 'going steady' with Ken (oddly named after the Handlers' son).

Courting controversy

(4º§) By the 1960s, Barbie was already attracting criticism for being a 'sex symbol'. To counteract this, the Handlers gave her a little sister, Skipper (originally a child and now sold as a teenager), and a best friend, Midge − who would go to have her own chequered history. Fashioned as a 'homelier' friend for Barbie (with red hair and freckles) Midge would disappear after 1967, returning in the 1980s along with a husband, kids and a 'Happy Family Line' of toys, which even included Pregnant Midge (with a detachable womb!). The line courted scandal from every angle − among which was outrage that Midge was pregnant without a wedding ring. Cannily, Gerwig has lined up Emerald Fennell to play Midge. Yes, Pregnant Midge.

(5º§) Though to many Barbie was too conventional − with her improbable proportions and origins as a doll who aspires to, essentially, marry Ken − to many she was too progressive. Indeed, as early as 1968, nine years after Barbie's invention, Mattel introduced their first Black doll, Christie, a friend of Barbie. Christie arrived at a fecund point in American politics, just as the Civil Rights Act of 1968 − enshrining the illegality of racial discrimination − was passed.

(6º§) It would not be until 1980, however, that Mattel would produce its first Black Barbie. She was designed by Kitty Black Perkins, who was then chief designer for Barbie. She bought her first Barbie doll aged 28, when interviewing for the position, when she was asked to create a whole new wardrobe for the doll. She was chief designer for more than 30 years and, in 1979, she was asked to design the first ever Black Barbie. When she arrived, she was wearing a red disco jumpsuit and came with the tagline: "She's Black! She's beautiful! She's dynamite!"

(adapted) https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/entertainment/a44129282/