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América Latina tem número recorde de migrantes menores de idade, alerta Unicef

Menores de 11 anos representam 91% das crianças e adolescentes que frequentemente viajam desacompanhados

Nova York – A América Latina e o Caribe estão enfrentando “uma das maiores e mais complexas crises” de migração infantil do mundo, com quantidades recordes de crianças cruzando seus principais pontos de trânsito, alertou o Unicef nesta quarta-feira (6).

Cerca de 25% dos migrantes na região são menores de idade, em comparação com 15% globalmente, de acordo com um relatório do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância, que aponta a pobreza, a violência e a degradação do meio ambiente como causas do êxodo em massa.

Os menores de 11 anos representam 91% das crianças e adolescentes que frequentemente viajam desacompanhados pelos três principais pontos de trânsito de migração: a perigosa e inóspita selva do Darién, entre Colômbia e Panamá, o norte da América Central e o México, de acordo com o relatório “O rosto em transformação da infância migrante na América Latina e no Caribe”.

A situação da infância migrante na região “não tem parâmetro por sua complexidade e magnitude”, alertou o diretor-regional do Unicef para a América Latina e o Caribe, Gary Conille, durante coletiva de imprensa.

Trata-se, disse ele, de um “problema continental”, que exige uma “resposta unificada”.

A pobreza, as consequências socioeconômicas da pandemia de covid-19, a violência de quadrilhas armadas, os impactos de desastres naturais, exacerbados pelas mudanças climáticas, e o desejo de se reunir com suas famílias explicam esse êxodo.

Os menores desacompanhados correm mais riscos de serem alvo de traficantes, criminosos, quadrilhas organizadas e outras pessoas que desejam explorá-los, feri-los, se viajarem sozinhos ou em pequenos grupos, segundo o relatório.

Independentemente de serem migrantes ou solicitantes de asilo, “estas crianças estão expostas a um enorme nível de riscos” e o “tratamento deveria ser padronizado, sistemático”, disse Conille.

Nos primeiros seis meses de 2023, mais de 40.000 menores e adolescentes cruzaram a selva do Darién. Por sua vez, o Serviço de Alfândega e Proteção de Fronteiras dos Estados Unidos registrou no primeiro semestre deste ano 83.000 menores, em comparação com 149.000 em 2021 e 155.000 no ano seguinte.

Fonte: https://odia.ig.com.br/mundo-e-ciencia/2023/09/6704354-america-latinatem-numero-recorde-de-migrantes-menores-de-idade-alerta-unicef.html. Acesso em 06/09/2023

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Making homework count

By Stephanie Hirschman

October 8, 2024

Homework and independent study can make a massive contribution to students’ progress, particularly when classes don’t meet daily, or students aren’t living, working or studying in anglophone environments. There are several issues to consider when setting homework.

Why students are doing homework is a fundamental question which can cover a wide spectrum of reasons. The most obvious is that it offers both teachers and students a chance to check on learning and identify areas for further review and consolidation. Exam preparation courses make use of homework to consolidate and accelerate learning and deliver results. Finally, some institutions require teachers to set homework and some clients, for example parents, believe that a course with homework offers better value for money.

Whatever the reason behind setting homework, be clear with students about how they’ll benefit from the assignment, how to do it effectively, how long they should spend on it and how it will be marked.

The homework that many people expect from a language course is “more of the same” exercises, that is, those that offer extra opportunities to practice grammar or vocabulary from the lesson.

It is also possible to bring in practice from other online or print sources, but this can sometimes be problematic, especially for lower levels. Make sure that the resource you choose maps onto the lesson content without placing extra demands on students, for example, by introducing a completely different context or topic with unfamiliar vocabulary to practice a grammar point. You also need to make sure that terminology is consistent – students who are expecting to practice present continuous may not recognize that it is also called present progressive. With lower levels, go over the instructions and/or demonstrate one of the exercises so they know how to get started.

It's worth mentioning here that flipped learning may also be a useful approach to homework. This is where students preview part of the lesson plan (like a reading or listening task) or research a general topic independently before class in order to maximize opportunities for communicative activities during the lesson.

Other types of homework include semi-controlled practice of target language. Students could write personal sentences including vocabulary items or grammatical structures from the class – note that they may need training to do this. A sentence like, “The milk went off,” is not as effective for learning as, “We had no milk for the coffee this morning – it went off because we didn’t put it in the fridge last night.” You may wish to provide some question or example prompts as support.

An unusual and motivating type of speaking homework is a personalized bingo game. Students create their own bingo card, which might be a 4x4 grid. In each cell, they write a key word or structure from the lesson that they wish to practice during the next few days. They carry the card around in their pocket, and every time they use an item of target language, they can tick it off, aiming to complete a line. This is especially suitable for students who are living, working or studying in anglophone environments. Teachers can monitor progress regularly and even offer small prizes.

The question of what teachers actually do with homework also has multiple possible responses, which will depend on the teaching context. At one end of the spectrum, if there is good buy-in from the students, teachers may only need to point them towards a selected set of “more of the same” exercises and make sure the answers are accessible for self-checking. Make it clear that you welcome questions if anything isn’t clear and test regularly to check understanding.

Whatever choices you make about homework, here’s one final tip. It’s best to complete assignments the day after receiving them and not on the same day. Research on spaced repetition shows that reviewing information after around 24 hours, “just before you forget it,” is the most effective way to boost retention.

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/blog/post/makinghomework-count

Acesso em 25/10/2024