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81Q898829 | Educação Infantil, Conhecimentos da Educação Infantil, Edital nº 29, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A transição da Educação Infantil para o Ensino Fundamental é um momento crucial na trajetória escolar da criança, marcado por mudanças significativas no ambiente, nas interações e nas expectativas de aprendizagem. Considerando a importância de uma articulação efetiva entre essas etapas educacionais, como a instituição de Educação Infantil pode contribuir para a preparação das crianças para o Ensino Fundamental?
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82Q899862 | Pedagogia, Teorias e Práticas para o Ensino Religioso, Professor Ensino Religioso, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Em uma análise comparativa das influências sociais da religião, considere os seguintes aspectos: a construção de identidades culturais, a coesão social e os mecanismos de controle social. Qual das alternativas a seguir melhor sintetiza a relação entre religião e religiosidade em contextos contemporâneos?
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83Q899802 | Inglês, Professor Inglês, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Texto associado.
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.

For nearly two hundred years, much of Asia was under the rule of the Seleucid dynasty. Despite the family's origins tracing back to Macedonia and its members presenting themselves as Macedonian kings par excellence, the sheer diversity of their subjects meant they needed to contend with the many non-Greek cultures that they now ruled over. The greatest body of evidence for the Seleucids accommodating to local traditions can be found in Mesopotamia, more specifically in Babylon. Though it had been centuries since the last native ruler, Babylon and its elite would hold great swayin the imperial ideology of their new Seleucid masters. Babylon is where the founder Seleucus I Nicator first took power, and Mesopotamia remained a heartland of the empire until it was captured by the Parthians in the late second century BC.

From the earliest days of the dynasty's history, Babylonia was integral to the rise of the Seleucids. Alexander the Great had designated it as the capital of his newly conquered empire down to his untimely death in 323, and the city is where the standing regent Perdiccas ran operations until his own murder just a few years later in 321. As a reward for taking part in the assassination, Seleucus was granted governorship of Babylonia. His position was soon threatened by the ambitious Antigonus Monopthalmus, forcing Seleucus and his family to flee to the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt in 315. He was eventually able to return in the spring of 311, but faced off against Antigonid forces who besieged the city and ravaged the countryside for two years. Once the "Babylonian War" was brought to an end, Seleucus would take the title of king in 306, and Mesopotamia was to serve as the foundation of his burgeoning empire. The area was badly affected during the fighting, but Babylonia was exempt from any further devastation as later wars were contained to the eastern Mediterranean. In time it would prosper once again, now under the patronage of Seleucus and his son Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261), and it is during Antiochus' reign that we find our earliest and strongest evidence of Seleucid-Babylonian accommodation.

In the excavations of Borsippa, located 18 km southwest of Babylon, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Akkadian cuneiform was discovered under the Temple of Ezida, devoted to the Mesopotamian god Nabû. It bears a striking similarity to the famous "Cyrus Cylinder", a deposit made in the Temple of Esagila under the authority of Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC. While often misleadingly described as the "first bill of human rights", its main purpose is to broadcast the legitimacy of Cyrus as the new ruler of Babylon. The cylinder of Ezida was placed during the reign of Antiochus I in 268 to celebrate the rebuilding of the temple, which was likely damaged during the Babylonian War, and operates under very similar principles:

I am Antiochus, the great king, the legitimate king, the king of the world, king of Babylon, king of all countries, the caretaker of the temples Esagila and Ezida, the first son of King Seleucus, the Macedonian, king of Babylon

When I conceived the idea of (re)constructing Esagila and Ezida, I formed with my august hands (when I was still) in the country Hatti [Syria] the (first) brick for Esagila and Ezida with the finest oil and brought (it with me) for the laying of the foundation of Esagila and Ezida.

Other tablets record Antiochus' activities in Babylon, such as his sacrifice to the moon god Sin and the rebuilding of the temple of Esagila, where he ended up using teams of elephants to clear much of the ruins and debris. While providing a sacrifice at Esagila, the king is said to have tripped and tumbled to the ground, a bad omen by any estimation. It seems not to have affected him much, andhe performed "a Greek sacrifice" to counteract any negative energy this may have incurred. Through his maintenance and patronage of the temples, Antiochus is fulfilling his duties as the legitimate king of Babylon, and the titles employed in the cylinder ("king of the world", "great king" etc.) are directly taken from earlier Babylonian, Persian, and Assyrian models. Queen Stratonice I also receives special honors on the cylinder: her titles in Akkadian are normally reserved for goddesses, and her name is translated into A?tartanikku ("Astarte-fornicating").

This policy of accommodation and respect of the local traditions would have served Antiochus well as he sought to consolidate his father's empire, and it might also be reflected in his personal staff. Bêl-re'u?unu, better known by his Greek name Berossus, was a Babylonian official serving in in the court of Seleucus and Antiochus I. He is most famous as the author of the "Babyloniaca", a history of Babylonia written in Greek that is now lost, but partially survives in fragments and quotations.[9] While the style is evocative of authors like Herodotus, it catalogued the mythology and traditions of Mesopotamia. Berossus may have been compelled to write it in order to legitimize Babylonian culture for a Greek audience, or to act as a handbook for Antiochus, to whom the book is dedicated. Antiochus was born and raised in Babylon, having never laid eyes on Macedonia, and so we might not need to view his apparent affinity for local traditions as a matter of pragmatism. The line in the Antiochus Cylinder referring to his father as "King Seleucus, the Macedonian" is unusual, since it can either be interpreted as Antiochus stressing his own Greco-Macedonian ancestry or an attempt to distinguish himself as a king reared in the Babylonian model.

https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2023/09/11/hellenistic-babylon-and-s eleucid-imperial-ideology/


What does the phrase "king of the world" in the cylinder most likely reflect?
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  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

84Q899864 | Pedagogia, Teorias e Práticas para o Ensino Religioso, Professor Ensino Religioso, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Em um curso de Formação de Professores, discute-se a importância da metodologia de ensino de Ciências da Religião. Qual das seguintes abordagens metodológicas é mais eficaz para promover uma compreensão crítica e interdisciplinar das diferentes tradições religiosas entre os alunos?
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85Q899902 | Pedagogia, Piaget, Fundamental, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Ana é uma professora que acredita que o desenvolvimento cognitivo das crianças ocorre em estágios e que cada estágio é caracterizado por diferentes capacidades de pensamento. Ela planeja suas aulas de acordo com esses estágios. Sobre o assunto, julgue as seguintes afirmações como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):


(__) A abordagem de Ana é baseada na teoria cognitivista de Jean Piaget.


(__) Piaget identificou quatro estágios de desenvolvimento cognitivo.


(__) A teoria cognitivista de Piaget enfatiza a importância do reforço e punição na aprendizagem.


Assinale a alternativa cuja respectiva ordem de julgamento esteja correta:

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86Q899904 | Pedagogia, Base Nacional Comum Curricular BNCC, Fundamental, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

De acordo com a BNCC, quais são as três unidades temáticas principais que organizam os conteúdos de Ciências no Ensino Fundamental?
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87Q899928 | Pedagogia, Temas Educacionais Pedagógicos, Professor de Educação Especial, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Um aluno com deficiência intelectual está no processo de alfabetização e sua professora busca meios de tornar o aprendizado mais acessível para ele. Sobre o assunto, julgue as seguintes afirmações como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):


(__) Práticas diversificadas e significativas são recomendadas para tornar o aprendizado mais acessível para alunos com deficiência intelectual.


(__) A utilização de práticas diversificadas acabaconfundindo e atrapalhando o processo de alfabetização de alunos com deficiência intelectual.


(__) Tornar o aprendizado relevante para os alunos com deficiência intelectual é uma prática pedagógica eficaz.


Assinale a alternativa cuja respectiva ordem de julgamento está correta:

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  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

88Q898866 | Biologia, Introdução aos estudos das Plantas, Edital nº 29, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A flor completa apresenta o pedúnculo, o receptáculo e os verticilos florais. Na morfologia das flores são encontradas as estruturas descritas nas colunas abaixo, correlacione-as:
Coluna I 1.Corola. 2.Pistilo. 3.Cálice.
Coluna II a.Conjunto de sépalas. b.Conjunto de pétalas. c.Conjunto de carpelos.

Assinale a alternativa com a correta correlação entre as colunas I e II.
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89Q899909 | Pedagogia, Alfabetização e Letramento, Fundamental, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Os métodos de alfabetização são variados e podem ser classificados em sintéticos e analíticos. Cada método possui suas características e abordagens específicas para ensinar a leitura e a escrita. Assim, avalie as proposições:


I.O método fônico é um método analítico que começa com palavras completas.


II.O método global é um método sintético que começa com fonemas e sílabas.


III.O método silábico foca na aprendizagem das sílabas como unidades básicas de leitura e escrita.


Assinale a alternativa correta:

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  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

90Q898894 | Geografia, Impactos e soluções nos meios natural e rural, Edital nº 29, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A interação entre os diversos elementos da paisagem natural é fundamental para a compreensão do ambiente. Considerando a geologia e o relevo de uma determinada região, qual das seguintes afirmações melhor descreve a influência desses fatores sobre os solos e a vegetação locais?
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91Q899800 | Inglês, Professor Inglês, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Texto associado.
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.

For nearly two hundred years, much of Asia was under the rule of the Seleucid dynasty. Despite the family's origins tracing back to Macedonia and its members presenting themselves as Macedonian kings par excellence, the sheer diversity of their subjects meant they needed to contend with the many non-Greek cultures that they now ruled over. The greatest body of evidence for the Seleucids accommodating to local traditions can be found in Mesopotamia, more specifically in Babylon. Though it had been centuries since the last native ruler, Babylon and its elite would hold great swayin the imperial ideology of their new Seleucid masters. Babylon is where the founder Seleucus I Nicator first took power, and Mesopotamia remained a heartland of the empire until it was captured by the Parthians in the late second century BC.

From the earliest days of the dynasty's history, Babylonia was integral to the rise of the Seleucids. Alexander the Great had designated it as the capital of his newly conquered empire down to his untimely death in 323, and the city is where the standing regent Perdiccas ran operations until his own murder just a few years later in 321. As a reward for taking part in the assassination, Seleucus was granted governorship of Babylonia. His position was soon threatened by the ambitious Antigonus Monopthalmus, forcing Seleucus and his family to flee to the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt in 315. He was eventually able to return in the spring of 311, but faced off against Antigonid forces who besieged the city and ravaged the countryside for two years. Once the "Babylonian War" was brought to an end, Seleucus would take the title of king in 306, and Mesopotamia was to serve as the foundation of his burgeoning empire. The area was badly affected during the fighting, but Babylonia was exempt from any further devastation as later wars were contained to the eastern Mediterranean. In time it would prosper once again, now under the patronage of Seleucus and his son Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261), and it is during Antiochus' reign that we find our earliest and strongest evidence of Seleucid-Babylonian accommodation.

In the excavations of Borsippa, located 18 km southwest of Babylon, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Akkadian cuneiform was discovered under the Temple of Ezida, devoted to the Mesopotamian god Nabû. It bears a striking similarity to the famous "Cyrus Cylinder", a deposit made in the Temple of Esagila under the authority of Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC. While often misleadingly described as the "first bill of human rights", its main purpose is to broadcast the legitimacy of Cyrus as the new ruler of Babylon. The cylinder of Ezida was placed during the reign of Antiochus I in 268 to celebrate the rebuilding of the temple, which was likely damaged during the Babylonian War, and operates under very similar principles:

I am Antiochus, the great king, the legitimate king, the king of the world, king of Babylon, king of all countries, the caretaker of the temples Esagila and Ezida, the first son of King Seleucus, the Macedonian, king of Babylon

When I conceived the idea of (re)constructing Esagila and Ezida, I formed with my august hands (when I was still) in the country Hatti [Syria] the (first) brick for Esagila and Ezida with the finest oil and brought (it with me) for the laying of the foundation of Esagila and Ezida.

Other tablets record Antiochus' activities in Babylon, such as his sacrifice to the moon god Sin and the rebuilding of the temple of Esagila, where he ended up using teams of elephants to clear much of the ruins and debris. While providing a sacrifice at Esagila, the king is said to have tripped and tumbled to the ground, a bad omen by any estimation. It seems not to have affected him much, andhe performed "a Greek sacrifice" to counteract any negative energy this may have incurred. Through his maintenance and patronage of the temples, Antiochus is fulfilling his duties as the legitimate king of Babylon, and the titles employed in the cylinder ("king of the world", "great king" etc.) are directly taken from earlier Babylonian, Persian, and Assyrian models. Queen Stratonice I also receives special honors on the cylinder: her titles in Akkadian are normally reserved for goddesses, and her name is translated into A?tartanikku ("Astarte-fornicating").

This policy of accommodation and respect of the local traditions would have served Antiochus well as he sought to consolidate his father's empire, and it might also be reflected in his personal staff. Bêl-re'u?unu, better known by his Greek name Berossus, was a Babylonian official serving in in the court of Seleucus and Antiochus I. He is most famous as the author of the "Babyloniaca", a history of Babylonia written in Greek that is now lost, but partially survives in fragments and quotations.[9] While the style is evocative of authors like Herodotus, it catalogued the mythology and traditions of Mesopotamia. Berossus may have been compelled to write it in order to legitimize Babylonian culture for a Greek audience, or to act as a handbook for Antiochus, to whom the book is dedicated. Antiochus was born and raised in Babylon, having never laid eyes on Macedonia, and so we might not need to view his apparent affinity for local traditions as a matter of pragmatism. The line in the Antiochus Cylinder referring to his father as "King Seleucus, the Macedonian" is unusual, since it can either be interpreted as Antiochus stressing his own Greco-Macedonian ancestry or an attempt to distinguish himself as a king reared in the Babylonian model.

https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2023/09/11/hellenistic-babylon-and-s eleucid-imperial-ideology/


What can be inferred about Antiochus I's relationship with his Babylonian subjects?
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92Q898831 | Educação Infantil, Conhecimentos da Educação Infantil, Edital nº 29, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A articulação entre a Educação Infantil e o Ensino Fundamental é um processo crucial para garantir a continuidade da trajetória educacional da criança, demandando a construção de práticas pedagógicas que promovam uma transição suave e significativa entre essas duas etapas. Sobre a articulação entre a Educação Infantil e o Ensino Fundamental, julgue as seguintes afirmações como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F):
(__)A articulação entre a Educação Infantil e o Ensino Fundamental deve se pautar pela garantia da continuidade das aprendizagens, considerando as experiências e os conhecimentos prévios das crianças e promovendo um processo de transição gradual e acolhedor.
(__)A transição para o Ensino Fundamental deve ser marcada por uma ruptura com as práticas pedagógicas da Educação Infantil, priorizando a alfabetização e o letramento em detrimento das brincadeiras e interações, visando a adaptação das crianças às exigências do novo ciclo.
(__)O diálogo e a troca de experiências entre os professores da Educação Infantil e do Ensino Fundamental são fundamentais para a construção de uma proposta pedagógica coerente e articulada, que atenda às necessidades e às expectativas das crianças.

Assinale a alternativa cuja respectiva ordem de julgamento está correta:
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  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

93Q1075490 | Legislação de Trânsito, Segurança dos Veículos Requisitos, Motorista, Prefeitura de Luiz Alves SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Para o transporte de carga em veículo de categoria C, quais dos seguintes procedimentos são obrigatórios para garantir a segurança?
I.Usar amarrações adequadas na carga.
II.Transportar a carga somente em horário diurno.
III.Checar a distribuição do peso da carga.
IV.Manter distância de segurança do veículo à frente.

Marque a alternativa correta:
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  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

94Q899619 | Educação Física, Professor Educação Física, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Considere as afirmativas relacionadas aos conceitos sobre o saque no Voleibol de acordo com as Regras Oficiais do Voleibol de quadra 2021-2024, aprovado pelo 37° Congresso Mundial da Federação Internacional de Voleibol (FIVB) de 2021. Registre V, para verdadeiras, e F, para falsas:

(__) A bola deve ser golpeada com uma mão ou qualquer parte do braço depois de ser solta, ou lançada pela(s) mão(s).
(__) Somente um lançamento ou soltura da bola é permitido. Quicá-la ou movê-la entre as mãos não é permitido.
(__) No momento do golpe de saque ou da impulsão para o saque em suspensão, o sacador não pode tocar a quadra (incluindo a linha de fundo) nem a área do piso que está dentro da zona de saque. Após o golpe, pode-se pisar ou cair dentro da zona de saque ou dentro da quadra.

Assinale a alternativa com a sequência CORRETA:
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  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

95Q898862 | Biologia, Relações ecológicas, Edital nº 29, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

As relações que se estabelecem em uma comunidade podem ser do tipo intraespecíficas, quando ocorrem entre seres da mesma espécie, ou interespecíficas, quando há relações entre seres de espécies diferentes. Abaixo estão algumas relações interespecíficas, onde não há prejuízo para nenhum dos participantes, EXCETO em:
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  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

96Q899798 | Inglês, Professor Inglês, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Texto associado.
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.

For nearly two hundred years, much of Asia was under the rule of the Seleucid dynasty. Despite the family's origins tracing back to Macedonia and its members presenting themselves as Macedonian kings par excellence, the sheer diversity of their subjects meant they needed to contend with the many non-Greek cultures that they now ruled over. The greatest body of evidence for the Seleucids accommodating to local traditions can be found in Mesopotamia, more specifically in Babylon. Though it had been centuries since the last native ruler, Babylon and its elite would hold great swayin the imperial ideology of their new Seleucid masters. Babylon is where the founder Seleucus I Nicator first took power, and Mesopotamia remained a heartland of the empire until it was captured by the Parthians in the late second century BC.

From the earliest days of the dynasty's history, Babylonia was integral to the rise of the Seleucids. Alexander the Great had designated it as the capital of his newly conquered empire down to his untimely death in 323, and the city is where the standing regent Perdiccas ran operations until his own murder just a few years later in 321. As a reward for taking part in the assassination, Seleucus was granted governorship of Babylonia. His position was soon threatened by the ambitious Antigonus Monopthalmus, forcing Seleucus and his family to flee to the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt in 315. He was eventually able to return in the spring of 311, but faced off against Antigonid forces who besieged the city and ravaged the countryside for two years. Once the "Babylonian War" was brought to an end, Seleucus would take the title of king in 306, and Mesopotamia was to serve as the foundation of his burgeoning empire. The area was badly affected during the fighting, but Babylonia was exempt from any further devastation as later wars were contained to the eastern Mediterranean. In time it would prosper once again, now under the patronage of Seleucus and his son Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261), and it is during Antiochus' reign that we find our earliest and strongest evidence of Seleucid-Babylonian accommodation.

In the excavations of Borsippa, located 18 km southwest of Babylon, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Akkadian cuneiform was discovered under the Temple of Ezida, devoted to the Mesopotamian god Nabû. It bears a striking similarity to the famous "Cyrus Cylinder", a deposit made in the Temple of Esagila under the authority of Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC. While often misleadingly described as the "first bill of human rights", its main purpose is to broadcast the legitimacy of Cyrus as the new ruler of Babylon. The cylinder of Ezida was placed during the reign of Antiochus I in 268 to celebrate the rebuilding of the temple, which was likely damaged during the Babylonian War, and operates under very similar principles:

I am Antiochus, the great king, the legitimate king, the king of the world, king of Babylon, king of all countries, the caretaker of the temples Esagila and Ezida, the first son of King Seleucus, the Macedonian, king of Babylon

When I conceived the idea of (re)constructing Esagila and Ezida, I formed with my august hands (when I was still) in the country Hatti [Syria] the (first) brick for Esagila and Ezida with the finest oil and brought (it with me) for the laying of the foundation of Esagila and Ezida.

Other tablets record Antiochus' activities in Babylon, such as his sacrifice to the moon god Sin and the rebuilding of the temple of Esagila, where he ended up using teams of elephants to clear much of the ruins and debris. While providing a sacrifice at Esagila, the king is said to have tripped and tumbled to the ground, a bad omen by any estimation. It seems not to have affected him much, andhe performed "a Greek sacrifice" to counteract any negative energy this may have incurred. Through his maintenance and patronage of the temples, Antiochus is fulfilling his duties as the legitimate king of Babylon, and the titles employed in the cylinder ("king of the world", "great king" etc.) are directly taken from earlier Babylonian, Persian, and Assyrian models. Queen Stratonice I also receives special honors on the cylinder: her titles in Akkadian are normally reserved for goddesses, and her name is translated into A?tartanikku ("Astarte-fornicating").

This policy of accommodation and respect of the local traditions would have served Antiochus well as he sought to consolidate his father's empire, and it might also be reflected in his personal staff. Bêl-re'u?unu, better known by his Greek name Berossus, was a Babylonian official serving in in the court of Seleucus and Antiochus I. He is most famous as the author of the "Babyloniaca", a history of Babylonia written in Greek that is now lost, but partially survives in fragments and quotations.[9] While the style is evocative of authors like Herodotus, it catalogued the mythology and traditions of Mesopotamia. Berossus may have been compelled to write it in order to legitimize Babylonian culture for a Greek audience, or to act as a handbook for Antiochus, to whom the book is dedicated. Antiochus was born and raised in Babylon, having never laid eyes on Macedonia, and so we might not need to view his apparent affinity for local traditions as a matter of pragmatism. The line in the Antiochus Cylinder referring to his father as "King Seleucus, the Macedonian" is unusual, since it can either be interpreted as Antiochus stressing his own Greco-Macedonian ancestry or an attempt to distinguish himself as a king reared in the Babylonian model.

https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2023/09/11/hellenistic-babylon-and-s eleucid-imperial-ideology/


The text states that Antiochus I performed "a Greek sacrifice" after tripping during a ceremony. What does this detail suggest about his approach to ruling?
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97Q899898 | Pedagogia, Alfabetização e Letramento, Fundamental, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

Ana, uma professora de ensino fundamental, escuta de um aluno seu que o mesmo odeia ler. Qual estratégia ela deve adotar nesse caso?
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98Q899908 | Pedagogia, Base Nacional Comum Curricular BNCC, Fundamental, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) propõe uma abordagem que combina a centralidade do texto com práticas sociais de leitura e escrita. Sobre essa proposta, analise as alternativas abaixo:

Sobre essa proposta, analise as alternativas abaixo e assinale a CORRETA.

  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

99Q899631 | Pedagogia, Base Nacional Comum Curricular BNCC, Educação Infantil, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

A Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) estabelece cinco Campos de Experiência para a Educação Infantil, que indicam quais são as experiências fundamentais para que a criança aprenda e se desenvolva. Qual das alternativas abaixo descreve corretamente o Campo "Corpo, gestos e movimentos"?
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  2. ✂️
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100Q899799 | Inglês, Professor Inglês, Prefeitura de Itajaí SC, UNIVALI, 2024

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For nearly two hundred years, much of Asia was under the rule of the Seleucid dynasty. Despite the family's origins tracing back to Macedonia and its members presenting themselves as Macedonian kings par excellence, the sheer diversity of their subjects meant they needed to contend with the many non-Greek cultures that they now ruled over. The greatest body of evidence for the Seleucids accommodating to local traditions can be found in Mesopotamia, more specifically in Babylon. Though it had been centuries since the last native ruler, Babylon and its elite would hold great swayin the imperial ideology of their new Seleucid masters. Babylon is where the founder Seleucus I Nicator first took power, and Mesopotamia remained a heartland of the empire until it was captured by the Parthians in the late second century BC.

From the earliest days of the dynasty's history, Babylonia was integral to the rise of the Seleucids. Alexander the Great had designated it as the capital of his newly conquered empire down to his untimely death in 323, and the city is where the standing regent Perdiccas ran operations until his own murder just a few years later in 321. As a reward for taking part in the assassination, Seleucus was granted governorship of Babylonia. His position was soon threatened by the ambitious Antigonus Monopthalmus, forcing Seleucus and his family to flee to the court of Ptolemy I in Egypt in 315. He was eventually able to return in the spring of 311, but faced off against Antigonid forces who besieged the city and ravaged the countryside for two years. Once the "Babylonian War" was brought to an end, Seleucus would take the title of king in 306, and Mesopotamia was to serve as the foundation of his burgeoning empire. The area was badly affected during the fighting, but Babylonia was exempt from any further devastation as later wars were contained to the eastern Mediterranean. In time it would prosper once again, now under the patronage of Seleucus and his son Antiochus I Soter (r. 281-261), and it is during Antiochus' reign that we find our earliest and strongest evidence of Seleucid-Babylonian accommodation.

In the excavations of Borsippa, located 18 km southwest of Babylon, a barrel-shaped piece of clay with Akkadian cuneiform was discovered under the Temple of Ezida, devoted to the Mesopotamian god Nabû. It bears a striking similarity to the famous "Cyrus Cylinder", a deposit made in the Temple of Esagila under the authority of Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BC. While often misleadingly described as the "first bill of human rights", its main purpose is to broadcast the legitimacy of Cyrus as the new ruler of Babylon. The cylinder of Ezida was placed during the reign of Antiochus I in 268 to celebrate the rebuilding of the temple, which was likely damaged during the Babylonian War, and operates under very similar principles:

I am Antiochus, the great king, the legitimate king, the king of the world, king of Babylon, king of all countries, the caretaker of the temples Esagila and Ezida, the first son of King Seleucus, the Macedonian, king of Babylon

When I conceived the idea of (re)constructing Esagila and Ezida, I formed with my august hands (when I was still) in the country Hatti [Syria] the (first) brick for Esagila and Ezida with the finest oil and brought (it with me) for the laying of the foundation of Esagila and Ezida.

Other tablets record Antiochus' activities in Babylon, such as his sacrifice to the moon god Sin and the rebuilding of the temple of Esagila, where he ended up using teams of elephants to clear much of the ruins and debris. While providing a sacrifice at Esagila, the king is said to have tripped and tumbled to the ground, a bad omen by any estimation. It seems not to have affected him much, andhe performed "a Greek sacrifice" to counteract any negative energy this may have incurred. Through his maintenance and patronage of the temples, Antiochus is fulfilling his duties as the legitimate king of Babylon, and the titles employed in the cylinder ("king of the world", "great king" etc.) are directly taken from earlier Babylonian, Persian, and Assyrian models. Queen Stratonice I also receives special honors on the cylinder: her titles in Akkadian are normally reserved for goddesses, and her name is translated into A?tartanikku ("Astarte-fornicating").

This policy of accommodation and respect of the local traditions would have served Antiochus well as he sought to consolidate his father's empire, and it might also be reflected in his personal staff. Bêl-re'u?unu, better known by his Greek name Berossus, was a Babylonian official serving in in the court of Seleucus and Antiochus I. He is most famous as the author of the "Babyloniaca", a history of Babylonia written in Greek that is now lost, but partially survives in fragments and quotations.[9] While the style is evocative of authors like Herodotus, it catalogued the mythology and traditions of Mesopotamia. Berossus may have been compelled to write it in order to legitimize Babylonian culture for a Greek audience, or to act as a handbook for Antiochus, to whom the book is dedicated. Antiochus was born and raised in Babylon, having never laid eyes on Macedonia, and so we might not need to view his apparent affinity for local traditions as a matter of pragmatism. The line in the Antiochus Cylinder referring to his father as "King Seleucus, the Macedonian" is unusual, since it can either be interpreted as Antiochus stressing his own Greco-Macedonian ancestry or an attempt to distinguish himself as a king reared in the Babylonian model.

https://www.hellenistichistory.com/2023/09/11/hellenistic-babylon-and-s eleucid-imperial-ideology/


When using skimming and scanning strategies, which of the following would be the best method to quickly find the year in which Antiochus I began rebuilding the Temple of Ezida?
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