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301Q947023 | Inglês, Inglês, UEG, UEG, 2019

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Artificial intelligence and the future of medicine

Washington University researchers are working to develop artificial intelligence (AI) systems for health care, which have the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, helping to ensure that patients get the right treatment at the right time.
In health care, artificial intelligence relies on the power of computers to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data about patients—such as their ages, medical histories, health status, test results, medical images, DNA sequences, and many other sources of health information. AI excels at the complex identification of patterns in these reams of data, and it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity. The hope is that this technology can be harnessed to help doctors and patients make better health-care decisions.


Where are the first places we will start to see AI entering medical practice?

One of the first applications of AI in patient care that we currently see is in imaging, to help improve the diagnosis of cancer or heart problems, for example. There are many types of imaging tests —X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and echocardiograms. But the underlying commonality in all those imaging methods is huge amounts of high-quality data. For AI to work well, it's best to have very complete data sets—no missing numbers, so to speak—and digital images provide that. Plus, the human eye is often blind to some of the patterns that could be present in these images—subtle changes in breast tissue over several years of mammograms, for example. There has been some interesting work done in recognizing early patterns of cancer or early patterns of heart failure that even a highly trained physician would not see.
In many ways, we already have very simple forms of AI in the clinic now. We've had tools for a long time that identify abnormal rhythms in an EKG, for example. An abnormal heartbeat pattern triggers an alert to draw a clinician's attention. This is a computer trying to replicate a human being understanding that data and saying, "This doesn't look normal, you may need to address this problem." Now, we have the capacity to analyze much larger and more complex sources of data, such as the entire electronic health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, as more people track their sleep patterns or pulse rates with wearable devices, for example.


What effect will this have on how doctors practice medicine?

It's important to emphasize that these tools are never going to replace clinicians. These technologies will provide assistance, helping care providers see important signals in massive amounts of data that would otherwise remain hidden. But at the same time, there are levels of understanding that computers still can't and may never replicate. To take a treatment recommendation from an AI, even an excellent recommendation, and decide if it's right for the patient is inherently a human decision-making process. What are the patient's preferences? What are the patient's values? What does this mean for the patient's life and for his or her family? That's never going to be an AI function. As these AI systems slowly emerge, we may start to see the roles of physicians changing—in my opinion, in better ways. Doctors' roles may shift from being data collectors and analyzers to being interpreters and councilors for patients as they try to navigate their health.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.

Disponível em: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-artificial-intelligence-future-medicine.html. Acesso em: 02 maio 2019.
Considering the ideas expressed in the text, artificial intelligence (AI) systems
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302Q911708 | Inglês, Adjectives, Inglês, Prefeitura de Aguaí SP, IPEFAE, 2024

Which sentences correctly use the words “hard” or “hardly”?

I. I am exhausted because I’ve been working hard.
II. She tried hard to remember my name but she couldn’t.
III. Roger Federer is a great tennis player. He hits the ball hardly.
IV. This shirt is practically new. I’ve hardly worn it.
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303Q1022051 | Inglês, Voz Ativa e Passiva Passive And Active Voice, Inglês, Prefeitura de Itapissuma PE, IGEDUC, 2024

Texto associado.
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à quesão.


ASTEROID WARNING Elon Musk's web of satellites make it harder to detect dangerous near-Earth asteroids, scientists warn

Elon Musk's web of satellites makes it harder to detect dangerous near-Earth asteroids, scientists have warned.

The number of satellites orbiting Earth has soared from just a few hundred in 1986 to 10,000 today.

Another tenfold increase is expected over the coming decade - much of it driven by Musk's Starlink network.

Starlink is a fleet of satellites which brings internet to people with little or no signal - including troops in Ukraine.

But more than 100 astronomers have now warned against launching more "megaconstellations" of satellites.

The boffins said clogging up the Earth's orbit with satellites could block their telescopes' view of outer space.

Professor Robert McMillan told Space: "Artificial satellites, even those invisible to the naked eye, can obstruct astronomical observations.

"These observations help detect asteroids and understand our place in the universe.

"The potentially long-term environmental harms of deploying tens of thousands of satellites are still unclear."

Light streaks from Starlink have dazzled a California telescope which scans the sky for exploding stars and dangerous near-Earth asteroids.

A study found that Musk's satellites could stop the Zwicky Transient Facility picking up asteroids coming from the sun.

Around one in five snaps from the huge telescope have been affected, Scientific American reports.

Expert Przemek Mróz said: "We don't expect Starlink satellites to affect non-twilight images.

"But if the satellite constellation of other companies goes into higher orbits, this could cause problems for non-twilight observations."

Co-author Tom Prince said: "There is a small chance that we would miss an asteroid or another event hidden behind a satellite streak."

https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/31609240/elon-musk-satellites-asteroidsscientists/

Which of the following sentences uses the passive voice?
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304Q947048 | Sociologia, Inglês, UEG, UEG, 2019

A educação é a forma pela qual a cultura de uma sociedade é passada de uma geração para outra. As pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu concebem a educação enquanto reprodução. Desta forma, as hierarquias sociais são convertidas em hierarquias escolares. Assim, segundo esta concepção, a educação
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305Q949357 | Espanhol, Inglês, UNICENTRO, UNICENTRO, 2018

Texto associado.

Aborto: las luces verdes se apagaron entre lágrimas, bronca y desazón


"¡Que sea ley!", fue el grito que se escuchó durante toda la vigilia. La victoria del "No" finalizó con una triste procesión.
"¡Que sea ley! ¡Que sea ley!". A las dos y media de esta madrugada, cuando faltaban tan solo unos minutos para la votación histórica que podría convertir la Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo en un derecho más, del lado verde quedaban los jóvenes. Helaba, había viento, el día había sido largo. Pero los miles de chicos y chicas que seguían allí, pegados al Congreso, seguían pidiendo"¡Que sea ley! ¡Que sea ley!".
Del otro lado de las vallas, del lado celeste que se oponía a la legalización, llegaba música de fiesta, muy fuerte, muy alta. Del lado verde respondían con los pañuelos en alto, con sus canciones de batalla: “¡Aborto legal en el hospital!”. Pero las voces no podían con los altoparlantes alquilados.
Junto a las vallas también había fuego. Las fogatas fueron muchas, improvisadas con cajones de madera de las verdulerías, y fueron lo único que aplacó la temperatura que parecía polar junto a la Plaza del Congreso.
Un camión hidrante de la Policía estaba apostado ahí cerquita, y en un momento abrió sus chorros, que empaparon a muchos de los chicos que esperaban el resultado. “¡Son la dictadura!”, empezaron a gritar. Algunos tiraron botellas que había por el piso.
Dos y cuarenta, Gabriela Michetti, al frente de la sesión especial, anunció que se iba a votar. Del lado verde no había pantalla con imágenes del recinto, pero su voz llegaba desde el lado celeste, donde sí había trasmisión en vivo.
La expectativa era grande, aunque las cartas ya estaban todas jugadas sobre la mesa y la votación por el “no” era claramente un hecho. Igual, los chicos se abrazaron, se tomaron de las manos, cerraron sus círculos alrededor de sus fogatas y escucharon: “38 por el no, 31 por el sí, dos abstenciones”.
Los láser verdes que iluminaban la cúpula se apagaron. Las lágrimas comenzaron a brotar destiñendo mejillas pintadas de verde. Las purpurinas se licuaron con los sollozos y la bronca. Mientras, del lado celeste, todo parecía una fiesta: los fuegos artificiales comenzaron a hacer sus estruendos de colores en el cielo cubierto, duraron muchos minutos, lo suficiente para tomarlos como una provocación. “¡Anti derechos! ¡Anti derechos!”, gritaron muchos.
Y comenzaron los cánticos: “¡Poder popular! ¡Poder popular!”, "¡Se va a caer, se va a caer, arriba el feminismo que va a vencer, que va a vencer!". Se escucharon algunos gritos, hubo corridas. La calle estaba resbalosa, llena de paraguas rotos. Los problemas fueron con un grupo menor. La mayoría comenzó la retirada por Callao hacia Corrientes como en una triste procesión. Un grupo de chicas había escrito con pintura negra una sábana enorme: “Háganse cargo de sus muertas”.
Pero muchos, también, iban con sus cabezas bien en alto, los brazos arriba. “¡Iglesia, basura, vos son la dictadura! ¡Iglesia, basura, vos sos la dictadura!”. Esa consigna quedó clara en esta jornada histórica: los pañuelos más vendidos fueron los naranjas, que piden la separación de la Iglesia y el Estado.


INGLESIAS, Mariana. Disponible en . Accesado en 12 de ago. 2018. Adaptado.

What can’t Calvin believe?
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306Q949135 | Matemática, Problemas, Inglês, PUC RS, PUC RS, 2017

O lixo produzido nas residências de todo o Brasil é recolhido diariamente e transportado para diferentes destinos. Na cidade de Porto Alegre, o lixo orgânico é acomodado em caminhões que levam resíduos com uma densidade média de 250 kg/m3 até o município de Minas do Leão, a aproximadamente 100 km da capital do RS. Em Minas do Leão, há um aterro sanitário e uma central de tratamento de resíduos, com capacidade estimada para receber 23 milhões de toneladas de resíduos e com operação prevista para os próximos vinte e três anos.

Com base nessas informações, se o lixo orgânico produzido pelo município de Porto Alegre fosse acomodado nos caminhões com uma densidade _________ do que a atual, a massa de resíduos transportada por viagem iria _________, e o custo por tonelada transportada iria _________.

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307Q949145 | Química, Sistemas Homogêneos Equilíbrio Químico na Água pH e pOH, Inglês, PUC RS, PUC RS, 2017

Em 05 de novembro de 2017 completaram-se dois anos do pior acidente da história da mineração brasileira, ocorrido no município de Mariana, Minas Gerais, tendo como causa o rompimento da barragem do Fundão, controlada pela mineradora Samarco. O acidente acabou por liberar 62 milhões de metros cúbicos de rejeitos de mineração dentre os quais podem ser encontrados óxido de ferro, água e lama.

Sobre esse desastre ecológico, pode-se afirmar que

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308Q947108 | Inglês, Inglês, UEG, UEG, 2018

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Who's driving?Autonomous cars may be entering the most dangerous phase

Autopilot controls are not yet fully capable of functioning without human intervention – but they’re good enough to lull us into a false sense of security.
When California police officers approached a Tesla stopped in the centre of a five-lane highway outside San Francisco last week, they found a man asleep at the wheel. The driver, who was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving, told them his car was in “autopilot”, Tesla’s semi-autonomous driver assist system.
 In a separate incident, firefighters in Culver City reported that a Tesla vehicle parked at the rear of their fire truck as it attended an accident on the freeway. Again, the driver said the vehicle was in autopilot.
The oft-repeated promise of driverless technology is that it will make the roads safer by reducing human error, the primary cause of accidents. However, those vehicles have a long way to go before they can eliminate the drivers.
However, research has shown that drivers get lulled into a false sense of security to the point where their minds and gazes start to wander away from the road. People become distracted or preoccupied with their smartphones. So when the car encounters a situation where the human needs to intervene, the driver can be slow to react.
During tests the IIHS recorded a Mercedes having problems when the lane on the highway forked in two. The radar system locked onto the right-hand exit lane when the driver was trying to go straight.
Concern over this new type of distracted driving is forcing engineers to introduce additional safety features to compensate. For example, GM has introduced eye-tracking technology to check the driver’s eyes are on the road while Tesla drivers can be locked out of autopilot if they ignore warnings to keep their hands on the steering wheel.
In spite of these problems, Tesla’s CEO, Elon Musk, remains bullish about his company’s autonomous technology, even suggesting that by 2019 drivers would be able to sleep in their cars – presumably without being arrested by highway patrol officers.

Disponível em: <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/24/self-driving-cars-dangerous-period-false-security>. Acesso em: 23 fev. 2018. (Adaptado).
Considering to the information expressed in the text, autonomous cars
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309Q947111 | Matemática, Inglês, UEG, UEG, 2018

Numa pesquisa com idosos, perguntou-se se eles utilizam o cartão de crédito e, ainda, se têm alguma dívida. Todos os idosos entrevistados nessa pesquisa responderam dizendo sim ou não a cada pergunta. Desses idosos, 20 disseram utilizar o cartão de crédito; 70 disseram ter alguma dívida; 15 responderam utilizar o cartão de crédito e ter alguma dívida; 40 disseram não utilizar o cartão de crédito e não ter nenhuma dívida. O número de idosos entrevistados nessa pesquisa foi de
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310Q944060 | Inglês, Inglês, UECE, UECE CEV, 2020

Texto associado.
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
“…while the earlier one did not” (lines 17-18) is a/an
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311Q1023684 | Inglês, Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension, Inglês, Prefeitura de Nova Iguaçu RJ, Consulplan, 2024

Read the text to choose the item containing data that does NOT suit poem analysis.

Dulzura


by Sandra Cisneros.

Make love to me in Spanish.

Not with that other tongue.

I want you juntito a mi,

tender like the language

crooned to babies.

I want to be that

lullabied, mi bien

querido, that loved.

I want you inside

the mouth of my heart,

inside the harp of my wrists,

the sweet meat of the mango,

in the gold that dangles

from my ears and neck.

Say my name. Say it.

The way it’s supposed to be said.

I want to know that I knew you

even before I knew you.

(Available in: https://www.best-poems.net/sandra-cisneros/dulzura.html.)

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312Q947198 | Inglês, Inglês, UNIOESTE, UNIOESTE, 2019

Mark the CORRECT alternative according to the text.
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313Q1022481 | Inglês, Aspectos Linguísticos Linguistic Aspects, Inglês, IF Sul Rio Grandense, IF Sul Rio Grandense, 2025

According to Lourdes Ortega (2011), there are different approaches to explaining variability of L2 learning across individuals. The following excerpt is related to a critical approach:


“As Norton and Toohey (2001) explain, in this perspective constructs such as motivation, aptitude, and other individual differences are reconceptualized as stemming from the interplay between people’s understanding of themselves in the world and the constraints, material and symbolic, that their worlds afford them. These understandings are dialectically shaped by the hopes and aspirations of individuals and by the power structures of the societal milieus that they inhabit”

ORTEGA, 2011, p. 179. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011).


Which statement best exemplifies the critical perspective in language learning?
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315Q1022764 | Inglês, Pronomes Pronouns, Inglês, Prefeitura de Guabiruba SC, FURB, 2024

Texto associado.
NO KID-DING Why you should never let your kids take a bag on the plane − even if it's free


(§ 1) A TRAVEL expert has revealed you should never let your kids bring a bag on the plane if you want a stress-free journey.


(§ 2) Experienced flyer, Vanessa Grant recommends parents don't let their kids take a bag with them after sharing her recent experience of travelling with her kids - aged 8 and 11.


(§ 3) "Smart packing is what really saved us," she said.


(§ 4) Vanessa did two long-haul flights with her family from Canada to Indonesia which went smoothly because the kids didn't have bags, she claims.


(§ 5) It is important to "instil a sense of responsibility" in kids however, it is not worth the stress of tracking down a lost backpack __ a busy international airport, according to the travel expert.


(§ 6) Vanessa explained: "The stakes are just too high and even replacing a charging cord can be pricey at a duty-free shop, let alone a whole backpack's worth of stuff."


(§ 7) It is also important to bring the right type of carry-on when travelling with your family, to make your life a lot easier.


(§ 8) A small rolling suitcase is perfect for long-haul flights and "is like the clown car of carry-ons".


(§ 9) Vanessa added: "It fits a change of clothes for three of us, plus toiletries and some snacks."


(§ 10) Instead of storing your carry-on in the overhead bins you should put it __ the seat of your shortest child so they'll be able to rest their feet on it, Vanessa recommends.


(§ 11) This clever hack will stop your child from complaining as it is "uncomfortable to have your legs hanging for hours".


(§ 12) Packing a change of clothes for everyone will ensure you have a smoother journey, according to the experienced flyer.


(§ 13) "Spills and vomiting can happen to anyone," she said.


(§ 14) Vanessa added: "One of my kids lost multiple socks __ the plane and in the hotel.


(§ 15) "Luckily most airlines give passengers a little package including a toothbrush and toothpaste, ear plugs, an eye mask and socks so we had a few extra pairs."


(§ 16) Bringing snacks for your kids can end up saving a lot of money as they likely won't eat all the food offered by airlines, "unless your child is a unicorn".


(§ 17) Vanessa also recommends bringing an empty water bottle you can fill up before getting on the plane.


(§ 18) Most kids on flights are thrilled to get "hours of uninterrupted screen time, both on their tablets and thescreens on the back of seats in front of them".


(§ 19) However, screens even for kids can get old quickly.


(§ 20) Parents should bring alternative activities for their children.


(§ 21) Vanessa brought a book, notepad and pens which kept them entertained throughout the flight.


(§ 22) Forgetting either your charger or headphones can spoil the whole journey, the travel expert claims.


(§ 23) Parents will need the chargers to make sure their children can stay entertained on the screens.


(§ 24) "We brought headphones for everyone," Vanessa said.


(§ 25) She added: "No one—including you—wants to hear the sound effects from your kid's favourite video game for hours on end."



https://www.thesun.co.uk/travel/26306770/never-let-your-kidstake-a-bag-on-plane/ (adaptado)
Mark the option which contains an object pronoun:
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316Q947025 | Inglês, Inglês, UEG, UEG, 2019

Texto associado.

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.

Artificial intelligence and the future of medicine

Washington University researchers are working to develop artificial intelligence (AI) systems for health care, which have the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, helping to ensure that patients get the right treatment at the right time.
In health care, artificial intelligence relies on the power of computers to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data about patients—such as their ages, medical histories, health status, test results, medical images, DNA sequences, and many other sources of health information. AI excels at the complex identification of patterns in these reams of data, and it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity. The hope is that this technology can be harnessed to help doctors and patients make better health-care decisions.


Where are the first places we will start to see AI entering medical practice?

One of the first applications of AI in patient care that we currently see is in imaging, to help improve the diagnosis of cancer or heart problems, for example. There are many types of imaging tests —X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and echocardiograms. But the underlying commonality in all those imaging methods is huge amounts of high-quality data. For AI to work well, it's best to have very complete data sets—no missing numbers, so to speak—and digital images provide that. Plus, the human eye is often blind to some of the patterns that could be present in these images—subtle changes in breast tissue over several years of mammograms, for example. There has been some interesting work done in recognizing early patterns of cancer or early patterns of heart failure that even a highly trained physician would not see.
In many ways, we already have very simple forms of AI in the clinic now. We've had tools for a long time that identify abnormal rhythms in an EKG, for example. An abnormal heartbeat pattern triggers an alert to draw a clinician's attention. This is a computer trying to replicate a human being understanding that data and saying, "This doesn't look normal, you may need to address this problem." Now, we have the capacity to analyze much larger and more complex sources of data, such as the entire electronic health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, as more people track their sleep patterns or pulse rates with wearable devices, for example.


What effect will this have on how doctors practice medicine?

It's important to emphasize that these tools are never going to replace clinicians. These technologies will provide assistance, helping care providers see important signals in massive amounts of data that would otherwise remain hidden. But at the same time, there are levels of understanding that computers still can't and may never replicate. To take a treatment recommendation from an AI, even an excellent recommendation, and decide if it's right for the patient is inherently a human decision-making process. What are the patient's preferences? What are the patient's values? What does this mean for the patient's life and for his or her family? That's never going to be an AI function. As these AI systems slowly emerge, we may start to see the roles of physicians changing—in my opinion, in better ways. Doctors' roles may shift from being data collectors and analyzers to being interpreters and councilors for patients as they try to navigate their health.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.

Disponível em: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-artificial-intelligence-future-medicine.html. Acesso em: 02 maio 2019.
De acordo com o texto, em termos de sentido, verifica-se que o trecho
  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️
  5. ✂️

317Q901269 | Inglês, Passado simples Simple past, Inglês, Prefeitura de Queimadas PB, FACET Concursos, 2024

Identify the alternative that presents, respectively, the correct past simple tense for the following verbs: begin; swim; write; take.
  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️
  5. ✂️

318Q949147 | Biologia, Introdução aos estudos das Plantas, Inglês, PUC RS, PUC RS, 2017

A produção de muitos dos alimentos e bebidas mais apreciados envolve processos fermentativos. A produção do vinho e da cerveja, realizada com auxílio do Saccharomyces cerevisiae, é um exemplo. Esse micro-organismo é capaz de alimentar-se de açúcares simples, como a glicose, produzindo etanol e dióxido de carbono, como mostra a equação química não balanceada a seguir.

C6 H12O6 → CH3 CH2 OH + CO2

Sobre esse assunto, é correto afirmar que

  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

319Q944048 | Inglês, Inglês, UECE, UECE CEV, 2020

Texto associado.
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
According to the text, the United States
  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️

320Q944059 | Inglês, Inglês, UECE, UECE CEV, 2020

Texto associado.
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
The verbs in “...ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management” (lines 24-25) are, respectively,
  1. ✂️
  2. ✂️
  3. ✂️
  4. ✂️
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