Questões de Concursos PRF Policial Rodoviário Federal

Julgue os itens abaixo, relativos a infrações de trânsito e à habilitação de condutores de veículos automotores, com base no CTB.

A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

“The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

Internet: <www.cnn.com> (adapted).

A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

“The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

Internet: <www.cnn.com> (adapted).

Texto 1A18-I

    Nos Estados Unidos da América, no século XIX, a passagem da polícia do sistema de justiça para o de governo da cidade significou também a passagem da noção de caça aos criminosos para a prevenção dos crimes, em um deslocamento do ato para o ator. Como na Europa, a ênfase na prevenção teria representado nova atitude diante do controle social, com o desenvolvimento pela polícia de uma habilidade específica, a de explicar e prevenir o comportamento criminoso. Isso acabou redundando no foco nas “classes perigosas”, ou seja, em setores específicos da sociedade vistos como produtores de comportamento criminoso. Nesse processo, desenvolveram-se os vários campos de saber vinculados aos sistemas de justiça criminal, polícia e prisão, voltados para a identificação, para a explicação e para a prevenção do comportamento criminoso, agora visto como “desviante”, como a medicina legal, a psiquiatria e, especialmente, a criminologia.
     Na Europa ocidental, as novas instituições estatais de vigilância deveriam controlar o exercício da força em sociedades em que os níveis de violência física nas relações interpessoais e do Estado com a sociedade estavam em declínio. De acordo com a difundida teoria do processo civilizador, de Norbert Elias, no Ocidente moderno, a agressividade, assim como outras emoções e prazeres, foi domada, “refinada” e “civilizada”. O autor estabelece um contraste entre a violência “franca e desinibida” do período medieval, que não excluía ninguém da vida social e era socialmente permitida e até certo ponto necessária, e o autocontrole e a moderação das emoções que acabaram por se impor na modernidade. A conversão do controle que se exercia por terceiros no autocontrole é relacionada à organização e à estabilização de Estados modernos, nos quais a monopolização da força física em órgãos centrais permitiu a criação de espaços pacificados. Em tais espaços, os indivíduos passaram a ser submetidos a regras e leis mais rigorosas, mas ficaram mais protegidos da irrupção da violência na sua vida, na medida em que as ameaças físicas tornaram-se despersonalizadas e monopolizadas por especialistas.

C. Mauch. Considerações sobre a história da polícia. In: MÉTIS: história & cultura, v. 6, n.º 11, jan./jun. 2007, p. 107-19 (com adaptações).  

    Foi modelado que o espalhamento de uma notícia em uma população — entendido como o percentual de indivíduos dessa população que recebe essa notícia por unidade de tempo — é diretamente proporcional ao percentual de indivíduos da população que já conhecem a notícia multiplicado pelo percentual de indivíduos dessa população que ainda não a conhecem até aquele instante. A constante k de proporcionalidade depende, entre outros fatores, do impacto da notícia na vida dos envolvidos e de propriedades dos meios de comunicação disponíveis.

Tendo como base essas informações e considerando que, para certa notícia, k = 1, julgue o item seguinte.