Questões de Concursos Primeiro Semestre

“Era um objetivo absurdo, que trazia em si a derrota e que arruinou vencedores e vencidos; que empurrou os derrotados para a revolução e os vencedores para a bancarrota e a exaustão física. Em 1940 a França foi atropelada com ridícula facilidade e rapidez por forças alemãs inferiores e aceitou sem hesitação a subordinação a Hitler porque o país havia sangrado até quase a morte em 1914-8. A Grã-Bretanha jamais voltou a ser a mesma após 1918, porque o país arruinara sua economia travando uma guerra que ia muito além de seus recursos. Além disso, a vitória total, ratificada por uma paz punitiva, imposta, arruinou as escassas possibilidades existentes de restaurar alguma coisa que guardasse mesmo fraca semelhança com uma Europa estável, liberal, burguesa, como reconheceu de imediato o economista John Maynard Keynes. Se a Alemanha não fosse reintegrada na economia europeia, isto é, se não se reconhecesse e aceitasse o peso econômico do país dentro dessa economia, não poderia haver estabilidade. Mas essa era a última consideração na mente dos que tinham lutado para eliminar a Alemanha”.

Fonte: HOBSBAWM, Eric. A era dos extremos: o breve do século XX: 1914-1991. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995, p. 38.

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Minority ethnic Britons face ‘shocking’ job discrimination

Haroon Siddique

Thu 17 Jan 2019 17.00GMT Last modified on Fri 18 Jan 2019 00.50GMT

A study by experts based at the Centre for Social Investigation at Nuffield College, University of Oxford, found applicants from minority ethnic backgrounds had to send 80% more applications to get a positive response from an employer than a white person of British origin.

A linked study by the same researchers, comparing their results with similar field experiments dating back to 1969, found discrimination against black Britons and those of south Asian origin – particularly Pakistanis – unchanged over almost 50 years.

The research, part of a larger cross-national project funded by the European Union and shared exclusively with the Guardian before its official launch, prompted concerns that race relations legislation had failed.

It echoes findings published as part of the Guardian’s Bias in Britain series that people from minority ethnic backgrounds face discrimination when seeking a room to rent. In a snapshot survey of online flatshare ads the Guardian found that an applicant called Muhammad was significantly less likely to receive a positive response than an applicant called David.

Prof Anthony Heath, co-author and emeritus fellow of Nuffield College, said: “The absence of any real decline in discrimination against black British and people of Pakistani background is a disturbing finding, which calls into question the effectiveness of previous policies. Ethnic inequality remains a burning injustice and there needs to be a radical rethink about how to tackle it.”

Dr Zubaida Haque, the deputy director of the race equality thinktank Runnymede, described thefindings as shocking. They demonstrated that “it’s not just covert racism or unconscious bias that we need to worry about; it’s overt and conscious racism, where applicants are getting shortlisted on the basis of their ethnicity and/or name”, she said.

“It’s clear that race relations legislation is not sufficient to hold employers to account. There are no real consequences for employers of racially discriminating in subtle ways, but for BME* applicants or employees it means higher unemployment, lower wages, poorer conditions and less security in work and life.”

<https://tinyurl.com/y9nohdte> Acesso em: 07.10.2019. Adaptado.

*BME – Black and Minority Ethnicity

Fake news could ruin social media, but there’s still hope

by: Guðrun í Jákupsstovu

Camille Francois, director of research and analysis at Graphika, told the audience of her talk at TNW Conference:

“Disinformation campaigns, or fake news is a concept we’ve known about for years, but few people realize how varied the concept can be and how many forms it comes in. When the first instances of fake news started to surface, they were connected with bots. These flooded conversations with alternative stories in order to create noise and, in turn, silence what was actually being said”.

According to Francois, today’s disinformation campaigns are far more varied than just bots – and much harder to detect. For example, targeted harassment campaigns are carried out against journalists and human-rights activists who are critical of governments or big organizations.

“We see this kind of campaigns happening at large scale in countries like the Philippines, Turkey, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The point of these campaigns is to flood the narrative these people try to create with so much noise that their original message gets silenced, their reputation gets damaged, and their credibility undermined. I call this patriotic trolling.”

There are also examples of disinformation campaigns mobilizing people. This was evident during the US elections in 2016 when many fake events suddenly started popping up on Facebook. One Russian Facebook page “organized” an anti-Islam event, while another “organized” a pro-Islam demonstration. The two fake events gathered activists to the same street in Texas, leading to a stand-off.

Francois explains how amazed she is that, in spite of social media being the main medium for these different disinformation campaigns, actual people also still use it to protest properly.

If we look at countries, like Turkey – where there’s a huge amount of censorship and smear campaigns directed at human right defenders and journalists – citizens around the world and in those places still use social media to denounce corruption, to organize human rights movements and this proves that we still haven’t lost the battle of who owns social media.

This is an ongoing battle, and it lets us recognize the actors who are trying to remove the option for people to use social media for good. But everyday you still have people all over the world turning to social media to support their democratic activities. This gives me hope and a desire to protect people’s ability to use social media for good, for denouncing corruption and protecting human rights.

Adapted from:<https://thenextweb.com/socialmedia/2018/05/25/>. Access 09 Oct. 2018.

Glossary

bot: (short for "robot"): um programa automático que roda na Internet; to flood: inundar; trolling: fazer postagem deliberadamente ofensiva para provocar alguém; popping up: surgir, aparecer; stand-off: impasse: smear campaigns: campanhas de difamação.