Questões de Concursos Inglês

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1283Q682574 | Inglês, Cadete da Aeronáutica, EPCAR, Aeronáutica, 2019

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WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?

Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. Slavery continues today and harms people in every country in the world.

Women forced into prostitution. People forced to work in agriculture, domestic work and factories. Children in sweatshops1 producing goods sold globally. Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.

There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern slavery around the world, including:

• 10 million children

• 24.9 million people in forced labour

• 15.4 million people in forced marriage

• 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation

Someone is in slavery if they are:

• forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;

• owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;

• dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’;

• physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of movement.

Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human society for most of human history. However, Anti-Slavery International has refused to accept that this bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan McQuade, former director).

Forms of modern slavery

Purposes of exploitation2 can range from forced prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and forced organ removal. Here are the most common forms of modern slavery.

• Forced labour – any work or services which people are forced to do against their will3 under the threat of some form of punishment.

• Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most widespread form of slavery, when people borrow money they cannot repay and are required to work to pay off the debt, then losing control over the conditions of both their employment and the debt.

• Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation, using violence, threats or coercion.

• Descent-based slavery – where people are born into slavery because their ancestors were captured and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.

• Child slavery – many people often confuse child slavery with child labour, but it is much worse. Whilst4 child labour is harmful for children and hinders5 their education and development, child slavery occurs when a child is exploited for someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking, child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic slavery.

• Forced and early marriage – when someone is married against their will and cannot leave the marriage. Most child marriages can be considered slavery.

Many forms of slavery have more than one element listed above. For example, human trafficking often involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad, using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then, the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.

Many people think that slavery happens only overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is free from modern slavery, even Britain. The Government estimates that there are tens of thousands people in modern slavery in the UK.

Modern slavery can affect people of any age, gender or race. However, contrary to a common misconception6 that everyone can be a victim of

slavery, some groups of people are much more vulnerable to slavery than others.

People who live in poverty7 and have limited opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative. People who are discriminated against on the basis of race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife. Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to tackle8 the root causes of slavery in order to end slavery for good. That’s why wepublished our Anti- Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that need to be taken to end slavery across the world.

(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:

1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions

2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation

3. will – wish, desire

4. whilst – while

5. to hinder – obstruct, stop

6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression

7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor

8. to tackle – attack

The word “goods” (line 6) means in the text

✂️ a) nice, pleasant.
✂️ b) items for sale.
✂️ c) purchase.
✂️ d) trade.

1286Q210331 | Inglês, Especialista em Regulação, ANVISA, CETRO

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LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA (INGLÊS)

Read the text below to answer questions 11–12.

Anxiety Medication: Over Prescribed and Causing Overdoses

According to a story on NBC New York, more and more patients are ending up in New York City hospitals having over dosed on Xanax. Xanax is in the benzodiaziepine family of drugs and it?s used to treat anxiety, nervousness, and panic attacks by decreasing brain activity.

Xanax Overdoses Way Up
NBC New York reports:

Between 2004 and 2009, New York City emergency room visits involving Xanax and other anti–anxiety prescription drugs known as benzodiazepines increased more than 50 percent. That?s up from 38 out of 100,000 New Yorkers in 2004 to 59 out of 100,000 New Yorkers.
It?s not the drug by itself that causes the overdoses, but used in combination with other drugs and alcohol, it creates a toxic cocktail which isn?t easily metabolized in the body.
The drug is habit forming and withdrawal symptoms can include sweating, shaking, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty concentrating, depression, and nervousness. Many fear that the drug is being over prescribed.
"I don?t believe they take the time with the patients to figure out what the problems are," Cali Estes, a drug counselor said to NBC New York. "A doctor who is running short on time and nurses and probably isn?t paid as much as he or she used to be finds it easier to say, ?OK, this person has a problem, here?s your script, have a nice day. Where?s my next patient??"

Whitney Houston?s Death Tied to Xanax and Other Drugs Whitney Houston?s recent death is raising questions as to this and other sedatives. Xanax is most often criticized by those in the psychiatric community because it only lasts 6 to 20 hours.

Forbes reports:

On the face of it, this seems like a great combination – you get a quick hit of anxiety relief and the drug leaves your system within a 24–hour period. But in practice what often happens is that because the drug acts so quickly and dissipates quickly, the patient begins taking more of it to maintain the effect. Two pills a day turns into four, which turns into six and so forth.
According to the CDC, prescription drug overdose is now the leading cause of accidental death in the U.S., topping automobile accidents for the first time in 30 years. Currently, Xanax is the 11th most widely prescribed drug in the nation.

Available in: http://blogs.discovery.com

According to the text, it is correct to affirm that

✂️ a) from 2004 to 2009, the cases of Xanax overdose represented more than 50% of overdoses treated in the New York City emergency rooms.
✂️ b) Cali Estes believes that doctors who don?t have time to waste and are underpaid do not pay close attention to the patient?s problems, that is the reason for them to prescribe, carelessly, drugs that may be not suitable.
✂️ c) anxiety drugs, usually, last 6 to 20 hours.
✂️ d) the rate of deaths caused by the use of Xanax has exceeded the rate of deaths caused by car accidents for 30 years now.
✂️ e) anti–anxiety prescription drugs are recommended to people who present symptoms such as sweating, shaking, difficulty falling asleep, difficulty concentrating, depression, and nervousness.

1287Q267724 | Inglês, Interpretação de Textos, Analista Desenvolvimento de Sistemas, SERPRO, CESPE CEBRASPE

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One frequently overlooked area in planning is technical
reviews and inspections. A technical review requires substantial
preparation on the part of the presenters. Documents must be
published and distributed and presentation material organized and
made into slides or overheads. Practice sessions are conducted by
presenters with an audience of critics to prepare for the review.
The reviewers should read the material, attend the
presentations, and write reports. On large projects with many
reviews and walk-throughs involving many participants, a
substantial number of labor hours can be consumed analyzing
documents, attending meetings, and writing reports. For example,
a system design review for one module or unit can require 150
labor hours. When overlooked, this labor can result in a very
large error in resource and schedule estimation.
Many projects include risk assessment and risk
management as a key part of the planning process and expect the
plan toidentify specific risk areas. The plan is expected to
quantify both probability of failure and consequences of failure
and to describe what will be done to contain development risk.

A. Behforooz and F. Hudson. Software engineering
fundamentals. Ed. Oxford (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following items.

Large projects demand patient learning to go through it.

✂️ a) Certo
✂️ b) Errado

1296Q930818 | Inglês, Vestibular ENEM, ENEM, INEP

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I, too

I, too, sing America.

I am the darker brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchen

When company comes,

But I laugh,

And eat well,

And grow strong.

Tomorrow,

l’ll be at the table

When company comes.

Nobody’ll dare

Say to me,

“Eat in the kitchen,”

Then.

Besides,

They’ll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed

I, too, am America.

HUGHES, L. In: RAMPERSAD, A.; ROESSEL, D. (Ed.) The collected poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Langston Hughes foi um poeta negro americano que viveu no século XX e escreveu I, too em 1932. No poema, a personagem descreve uma prática racista que provoca nela um sentimento de

✂️ a) coragem, pela superação.
✂️ b) vergonha, pelo retraimento.
✂️ c) compreensão, pela aceitação.
✂️ d) superioridade, pela arrogância.
✂️ e) resignação, pela submissão.

1298Q932429 | Inglês, IF MT Vestibular IF MT, IF MT, IF MT, 2018

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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION

01 The term "pollutant" refers to any substance that, when introduced to an area, has a negative impact on

the environment and its organisms. Pollution can impact human health, air, water, land and entire ecosystems.

Most sources of pollution result from human activity.

Impact on Human Health

05 Many pollutants have a negative impact on human health. For example, pollutants in the air, such as ozone

or particulates in the air, may lead to respiratory health problems such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and

decreased lung function. Drinking contaminated water may lead to stomach and other digestive problems.

Pollutants such as mercury can accumulate in fish and seafood and can lead to serious health problems,

especially for vulnerable populations such as children or pregnant women. Pollutants in the soil, such as

10 contamination by heavy metals, toxins or lead, can lead to serious health problems, including cancer and

developmental problems in children.

Impact on Air

One of the most common sources of air pollution results from the burning of fossil fuels, such as vehicle

and factory emissions. These emissions are a major contributor to smog, a mass of particulate matter than

15 hangs like a cloud over many major cities and industrial areas. A second effect of air pollution is acid rain,

which forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the air combine with oxygen, water and other chemicals in the air.

This combination decreases the pH of rainwater, which is typically pH neutral, and turns it

acid. Acid rain can lead to the death of trees, fish kills in lakes and damage to statues, monuments and

building faces.

20 Impact on Water

Water pollution may result from run-off from places such as agricultural fields, construction sites or factories;

oil spills; sewage disposals; and the accumulation of trash. Water pollution has a deleterious effect

on the native plant and animal species that call bodies of water home. Run-off from agricultural fields can

lead to algal blooms which choke out other plants and decrease the amount of available oxygen for species

25 of fish and other organisms. Chemicals in the water can affect animal development, leading to deformities,

such as extra legs in frogs. Oil spills kill native species of animals including waterfowl and mammal species.

Sewage overflow can contaminate sources of human drinking water, leading to serious health problems, as

mentioned above. The accumulation of trash in bodies of water may also lead to animal deaths resulting

from becoming tangled in plastic items such as plastic bags, fishing wire and other debris.

30 Impact on Land

Pollutants in the soil most often result from industrial sources. Particularly insidious soil pollutants include lead,

PCBs and asbestos. These pollutants may negatively affect human health and native plant and animal health.

Pesticide use can also impact the land. One undesired impact of using pesticides is the death of

native plant and animal species that also reside in the area.

35 Impact on Ecosystems

Because each type of pollution (air, water, land) does not occur separately from one another, entire

ecosystems are often impacted. For example, the use of pesticides or fertilizers on land may negatively impact terrestrial

species of plants and animals. When these materials are introduced to nearby bodies of water, they impact aquatic species

of plants and animals. Thus, curbing pollution in one area of an ecosystem

40 can also help protect another part of the ecosystem

Assinale a alternativa que resume as principais ideias do texto.

✂️ a) A poluição pode afetar a saúde humana, o ar, a água, a terra e ecossistemas inteiros.
✂️ b) Derramamentos de óleo matam espécies nativas de animais, incluindo espécies de aves aquáticas e mamíferos.
✂️ c) Poluentes como o mercúrio podem se acumular em peixes e frutos do mar e podem ocasionar sérios problemas de saúde, especialmente para populações vulneráveis, como crianças ou mulheres grávidas.
✂️ d) Beber água contaminada pode levar a problemas estomacais e a outros problemas digestivos.
✂️ e) O uso de pesticidas ou fertilizantes pode afetar negativamente as espécies terrestres de plantas e animais.

1300Q682077 | Inglês, Cadete da Aeronáutica, EPCAR, Aeronáutica, 2019