Questões de Concursos Inglês

ON–FARM BIOSECURITY: TRAFFIC CONTROL AND

SANITATION.

WHAT IS BIOSECURITY?

In the context of livestock production, biosecurity refers to

those measures taken to keep disease agents out of

populations, herds, or groups of animals where they do not

already exist. Biosecurity measures are implemented on

national, state, and herd levels. Currently, there is heightened

awareness of national biosecurity as the United States attempts

to keep foot–and–mouth disease (FMD) out of its animal

population.

In addition to national concerns, individual states take

measures to prevent the entry/reintroduction of livestock

diseases they have been able to prevent/eliminate from their

herds by setting requirements for arriving animals. Examples

of diseases that are of particular concern to states include

brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies.

Herd–level biosecurity usually rests with the herd owner or

management team; they try to exclude any disease that is not

already present in the herd or limit the spread of disease within

the herd. Examples might include Streptococcus agalactiae

mastitis, bovine virus diarrhea, ovine progressive pneumonia,

and swine dysentery. To be successful, biosecurity plans must

address how the group of animals will be isolated away from

other groups, how traffic (movement of people, animals, and

equipment) will be regulated, and how cleaning and disinfection

procedures will be used to reduce pathogen levels.

What are the Greatest Risks of Disease Introduction?

Although infectious disease can be introduced to a farm in

several ways, bringing new animals or animals that have been

commingled with, or exposed to, other animals usually presents

the greatest risk. New herd and flock sires, or replacement

females, are often the way that new genetics are added to the

herd. This seemingly innocent process is a very common way of

introducing new disease–causing organisms. Producers should

attempt to purchase animals from sources with known health

status whenever possible. In addition, they should plan to:

• Isolate for at least two weeks, but preferably a month, all

new arrivals or animals returning to the herd from situations

where they were possibly exposed to other animals such as at

fairs and shows. Isolation should be in a facility completely

separate from the home animals. Outerwear (boots and

coveralls) worn when tending to the quarantined animals should

not be worn while caring for other animals. If complete isolation

is impossible, use a separate pen or pasture that does not

allow nose–to–nose contact or sharing of feed and water

supplies. While the new animals are isolated, testing should

be accomplished for diseases of particular concern; negative

test results should be received before the new animals are

mixed with the resident herd.

• Work with your veterinarian to develop a sound health

program that includes parasite control and vaccination for the

diseases most likely to be encountered in your operation or

management program.

• Isolate animals showing signs of disease to minimize

exposure of the apparently healthy ones. Contact your

veterinarian so that appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment

can be initiated.

(Gary L. Bowman, D.V.M. – Extension Veterinarian, Swine – & William

P. Shulaw, D.V.M. – Extension Veterinarian, Cattle and Sheep, The

Ohio State University. Adapted from http://ohioline.osu.edu/vme–fact/

0006.html – accessed on 23 December 2006)

Choose THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER for the

questions below according to the text above:

The complex linguistic universe of

Game of Thrones

1.Game of Thrones has garnered 38 Emmy

2.awards for its portrayal of a world of sex,

3.violence and politics so real that some viewers

4.could imagine moving there. Part of that detail

5.has been the creation of the richest linguistic

6.universe since J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth.

7.In the field of language-creation for fictional

8.worlds, there is Tolkien, and there is everybody

9.else. But David Peterson, the language-smith

10.of Game of Thrones , comes a close second for

11.the amount of thought put into its two

12.languages, Dothraki and Valyrian. The interest

13.in these tongues is such that a textbook for

14.learning Dothraki has been published, while

15.Duolingo, a popular online language-learning

16.platform, now offers a course in High Valyrian.

17.Inspired by fictional languages such as those

18.in the Star Wars films and with a master’s

19.degree in linguistics, Peterson made Dothraki

20.and Valyrian as rich and realistic as possible.

21.Creating words is the easy part; anyone can

22.string together nonsense syllables. But

23.Peterson, like Tolkien, took the trouble to give

24his words etymologies and cousins, so that

25.the word for “feud” is related to the words

26.“blood” and “fight”. To make the languages

27.pronounceable but clearly foreign, he put

28.non-English sounds in high-frequency words

29.(like khaleesi , or queen), put the stress in

30.typically non-English places, and had words

31.begin with combinations of sounds that are

32.impossible in English, like hr .

33.Armed with a knowledge of common linguistic

34.sound changes, he gives his languages the

35kinds of irregularities and disorder that arise in

36.the real world: High Valyrian’s obar

37(“curve”) becomes Astapori Valyrian’s uvor .

38.Words’ meanings—as in real life—drift, too,

39.giving the system more realistic messiness.

40.Languages also play a prominent role in the

41.storyline. Dothraki is the guttural language of

42.a horse-borne warrior nation, but high-born

43.Daenerys Targaryen does not look down on it;

44.methodically learning it is key to her rise.

45.Tyrion Lannister is left to administer the city

46.of Mereen despite his ropy command of

47.Valyrian, leading to some comic moments.

48.And a prophecy of a future hero acquires new

49.meaning when an interpreter explains that the

50.word in question is ambiguous in Valyrian—it

51.could be “prince” or “princess”.

52.It might seem odd that a highly sexist society

53.like the one of Game of Thrones would have

54.languages where sex roles were not clearly

55.marked, but languages are not always perfect

56.vehicles for a culture. Random change can

57.leave them with too many words for one

58.concept, and not enough for another. In this

59.way, the flawed nature of language reflects

60.the foibles of flawed humans and the

61.imperfect worlds they strive to create.

Adaptado de:

<="" span="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">

21725752-dothraki-and-valyrian-are-mostconvincing-

fictional-tongues-elvish>.

Acesso em: 21 nov. 2017.

Are any foods safe to eat anymore? The fears and the facts

Food was once seen as a source of sustenance and pleasure. Today, the dinner table can instead begin to feel like a minefield. Is bacon really a risk factor of cancer? Will coffee or eggs give you a heart attack? Does wheat contribute to Alzheimer’s disease? Will dairy products clog up your arteries? Worse still, the advice changes continually. As TV-cook Nigella Lawson recently put it: “You can guarantee that what people think will be good for you this year, they won’t next year.”

This may be somewhat inevitable: evidence-based health advice should be constantly updated as new studies explore the nuances of what we eat and the effects the meals have on our bodies. But when the media (and ill-informed health gurus) exaggerate the results of a study without providing the context, it can lead to unnecessary fears that may, ironically, push you towards less healthy choices.

The good news is that “next year” you may be pleased to learn that many of your favourite foods are not the ticking time bomb you have been led to believe...

Adapted from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151029-are-any-foods-safe-to-eat-anymore-heres-the-truth

Judge the following items, which offer a suggestion for a translation
into Portuguese of passages in English.