Questões de Concursos Inglês

Judge the following items, which offer a suggestion for a translation
into Portuguese of passages in English.

ON–FARM BIOSECURITY: TRAFFIC CONTROL AND

SANITATION.

WHAT IS BIOSECURITY?

In the context of livestock production, biosecurity refers to

those measures taken to keep disease agents out of

populations, herds, or groups of animals where they do not

already exist. Biosecurity measures are implemented on

national, state, and herd levels. Currently, there is heightened

awareness of national biosecurity as the United States attempts

to keep foot–and–mouth disease (FMD) out of its animal

population.

In addition to national concerns, individual states take

measures to prevent the entry/reintroduction of livestock

diseases they have been able to prevent/eliminate from their

herds by setting requirements for arriving animals. Examples

of diseases that are of particular concern to states include

brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies.

Herd–level biosecurity usually rests with the herd owner or

management team; they try to exclude any disease that is not

already present in the herd or limit the spread of disease within

the herd. Examples might include Streptococcus agalactiae

mastitis, bovine virus diarrhea, ovine progressive pneumonia,

and swine dysentery. To be successful, biosecurity plans must

address how the group of animals will be isolated away from

other groups, how traffic (movement of people, animals, and

equipment) will be regulated, and how cleaning and disinfection

procedures will be used to reduce pathogen levels.

What are the Greatest Risks of Disease Introduction?

Although infectious disease can be introduced to a farm in

several ways, bringing new animals or animals that have been

commingled with, or exposed to, other animals usually presents

the greatest risk. New herd and flock sires, or replacement

females, are often the way that new genetics are added to the

herd. This seemingly innocent process is a very common way of

introducing new disease–causing organisms. Producers should

attempt to purchase animals from sources with known health

status whenever possible. In addition, they should plan to:

• Isolate for at least two weeks, but preferably a month, all

new arrivals or animals returning to the herd from situations

where they were possibly exposed to other animals such as at

fairs and shows. Isolation should be in a facility completely

separate from the home animals. Outerwear (boots and

coveralls) worn when tending to the quarantined animals should

not be worn while caring for other animals. If complete isolation

is impossible, use a separate pen or pasture that does not

allow nose–to–nose contact or sharing of feed and water

supplies. While the new animals are isolated, testing should

be accomplished for diseases of particular concern; negative

test results should be received before the new animals are

mixed with the resident herd.

• Work with your veterinarian to develop a sound health

program that includes parasite control and vaccination for the

diseases most likely to be encountered in your operation or

management program.

• Isolate animals showing signs of disease to minimize

exposure of the apparently healthy ones. Contact your

veterinarian so that appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment

can be initiated.

(Gary L. Bowman, D.V.M. – Extension Veterinarian, Swine – & William

P. Shulaw, D.V.M. – Extension Veterinarian, Cattle and Sheep, The

Ohio State University. Adapted from http://ohioline.osu.edu/vme–fact/

0006.html – accessed on 23 December 2006)

Choose THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANSWER for the

questions below according to the text above:

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 77 a 80.

Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can?t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small?scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per year. All of Germany?s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There?s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to compete in the German market. The German government has so?called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer. Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it?s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories with North American productivities and efficiencies of scal(E).

(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)