Questões de Concursos ANVISA

Read the text below to answer questions 15–16.

Vigilance needed to ensure safe infant food

WHO and FAO alert countries to possible spread of melaminecontaminated dairy products

WHO and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) are urging affected countries to ensure safe feeding of millions of infants following the ongoing melamine–contaminated milk crisis in China. The two agencies also call on countries to be alert to the possible spread of melamine–contaminated dairy products.
"While breastfeeding is the ideal way of providing infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development, it is also critical to ensure that there is an adequate supply of safe powdered infant formula to meet the needs of infants who are not breastfed", said Dr Jorgen Schlundt, Director of the WHO Food Safety Department.
Replacing powdered infant formula with other products such as condensed milk, honey mixed with milk, or fresh milk is inappropriate as such products would put at risk the safety and nutritional status of this vulnerable population group, the two agencies advised.
"Restoring consumer confidence is critical. Melaminecontaminated products should be removed from the food chain in order to prevent further exposure. The safe supply of dairy products needs to be restored immediately," said Dr Ezzeddine Boutrif, Director of the FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division.

Safe feeding for infants

WHO recommends that all infants should be fed exclusively with breast milk for the first six months of life. No other liquid or food, not even water, is needed during this period. Thereafter, infants should receive adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues up to two years of age and beyond.
Following reports of findings of imported melaminecontaminated products in several countries over the last two weeks, countries should closely monitor their markets. The two agencies highlighted that melamine–contaminated products could reach markets in other countries through both formal and informal trade. Getting information about the origin of the product, up–to–date recall information or in some cases testing for melamine contamination might be considered. If found contaminated, appropriate actions such as product recall and safe disposal should be taken, based on an assessment of the risk to human health.

Safe supply of food critical

Food safety is not the sole responsibility of public authorities. The food industry is also responsible for ensuring a safe supply of food to the consumer. "It is critical that the industry strongly invests in food safety and adopts a food safety culture covering the food chain from raw materials through to the final product," said Dr Boutrif.
Incidents such as melamine contamination in China not only impact food safety and human health but also put the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of dairy farmers at risk. "There is a need for countries to do major investment in strengthening their food control and food–borne disease surveillance systems as it could minimize the potential occurrence of food safety incidents like this one", said Dr Schlundt.
The melamine–contaminated dairy products event first came to the attention of the international organizations on 11th September. Both WHO and FAO have used the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) to inform and update national food safety authorities on this crisis, one of the largest in recent years.
Over 54,000 children have sought medical treatment in China after drinking melamine–contaminated infant formula. Almost 12,900 are currently hospitalized.
Melamine is commonly used in food contact materials (e.g. containers, labels, etc.) and can also be used in agriculture production such as fertilizer. Whether this has a potential for carry–over into food at low concentrations (usually in the range of microgram per kilogram) and further impact on human health may need further evaluation.
Melamine on its own is of low toxicity. But animal studies have suggested that kidney problems occur when melamine is present in combination with cyanuric acid, a potential impurity of melamine. The level of melamine found in the contaminated infant formula has been as high as 2,560 miligram per kilogram of food, while the level of cyanuric acid is unknown.

Available in: http://www.who.int

Leia o texto abaixo, para responder às questões de 1 a 5.

A integralidade como eixo prioritário de uma política de saúde, ou seja, como meio de concretizar a saúde como uma questão de cidadania, significa compreender sua operacionalização a partir de dois movimentos recíprocos a serem desenvolvidos pelos sujeitos implicados nos processos organizativos em saúde: a superação de obstáculos e a implantação de inovações no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde, nas relações entre os níveis de gestão do SUS e nas relações destes com a sociedade.
Esses dois movimentos consistem nos principais nexos constituintes da integralidade como meio de concretizar o direito à saúde da população, do qual emerge um conjunto de questões consideradas relevantes para sua apropriação conceitual e prática no campo da saúde coletiva. E essas questões estão diretamente relacionadas, muitas vezes de forma contraditória, com as políticas econômicas e sociais adotadas no País nas últimas décadas. Políticas excludentes, que concentram riqueza e fragilizam a vida social, aumentando de forma drástica e exponencial a demanda da população brasileira por ações e serviços públicos de saúde.
Se, de um lado, a forma como nosso País se organiza, baseada no capitalismo, tem favorecido inúmeros avanços nas relações de produção, sobretudo no que diz respeito à crescente sofisticação e progresso de tecnologias em diferentes campos, inclusive da saúde, o mesmo não se pode dizer das relações sociais. Estas revelam o sofrimento difuso e crescente das pessoas, as quais são cotidianamente submetidas a padrões de profundas desigualdades, expressos pelo acirramento do individualismo, pelo estímulo à competitividade desenfreada e pela diferenciação negativa de pessoas, com desrespeito às questões de gênero, raça, etnia e idade.
Na contramão desse processo, temos a Constituição Federal, que, ao criar e estabelecer as diretrizes para o SUS, oferece os elementos básicos para o reordenamento da lógica de organização das ações e serviços de saúde brasileiros, de modo a garantir ao conjunto dos cidadãos as ações necessárias à melhoria das condições de vida da população.

Asensi, Felipe (coord.). Direito sanitário [recurso eletrônico]. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2011. Adaptado.

Read the text below to answer questions 11–12.

Quality of School Lunches Questioned

The meat being provided to our nation?s students in their lunches may not meet requirements by the fast–food industry, according to a recent investigation.
Those pangs of guilt when biting into a fast–food hamburger are one thing, but who would imagine that burger could be made with higher–quality meat than what our students are getting in school?
A recent USA Today investigation found that the nation?s largest fast–food chains have higher quality and safety standards for the meat they use than what the U.S. Department of Agriculture has for the meat used for the National School Lunch Program, which is served to 31 million students a day.
While the USDA rules for meat sent to schools maintain government safety standards, the government rules have fallen behind the stricter regulations of fast–food chains and other large retailers. Fast–food chains test their meat five to ten times more often than the USDA for bacteria and would reject meat that the USDA deems safe for consumption.
The standards for meat sent to schools and retailers are so disparate that ground beef from a plant with a salmonella outbreak this past August was recalled by retailers, but ground beef from the same plant produced during that outbreak was still shipped to schools.
In addition to meat quality issues, school cafeterias are not being inspected as rigorously required by the Child Nutrition Act. USA Today found that 8,500 schools across the country did not have their kitchens inspected at all in 2008, and another 18,000 schools did not complete the two required yearly inspections.
The USDA is responsible for inspecting every school cafeteria twice a year, but the requirement is difficult to enforce. For starters, the USDA requires that states simply provide the number of schools that have been inspected, but don?t keep record of school names. Also, these cafeteria inspections are not free and the money is not automatically provided to meet the mandate. With resources for schools scares across the country, cafeteria needs are not often a top priority.
These quality control problems for school lunches are not going unnoticed by NEA (National Education Association) members. Education support professionals and educators know the important role nutritious school lunches play in student achievement. "While the lunches may, according to standards, be a balanced lunch, it leaves a lot to be desired as far as the standard applied to the contents of a school lunch", said Bob Munoz, a Nevada educator.

Quality of School Lunches Questioned. Available in: http://www.nea.org