Questões de Concursos Bombeiro Militar MG

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following text carefully and then choose the correct answer. 
Leonardo da Vinci

Known as the greatest artist in the history of mankind, Leonardo da Vinci was also a great philosopher and scientist. Leonardo is the most influential figure in the Italian Renaissance and he is considered to be an inventive multi-genius.
Leonardo was born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy, as the child of Piero da Vinci, a notary, and Caterina, a country girl. He stayed with his father’s family and they moved to Florence when he was just 12. At the age of 14, Leonardo started out his artist’s apprenticeship at the studio of Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488), an Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter.
The art of painting made Leonardo knowledgeable about anatomy and perspective. In addition to painting, Verrocchio’s studio also offered technical and mechanical arts and sculpture. Leonardo had developed an interest in architecture so he went on to study engineering. 
After a decade of highly original work as an artist, Leonardo wrote to several wealthy men to help finance his projects. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza (1452-1508), accepted his offer as Leonardo told him that he could design war weapons like guns and mines, and also structures like collapsible bridges. He lived in Milan with the Duke from 1482 to 1508, reportedly creating very innovational war machines. He also did painting and sculpture, as well as urban planning for large-scale water projects. There, he also wrote about making a telescope to view the moon.

Available at: < http://www.famousscientists.org/leonardo-da-vinci> (Edited).

Mysterious ancient cemetery in Egypt could contain a million mummies

            A mysterious ancient cemetery in Egypt could contain more than a million mummified human remains, archaeologists have claimed.
            Around 1,700 bodies have so far been uncovered at the Fag el-Gamous (Way of the Water Buffalo) site, around 60 miles south of Cairo. But experts believe that countless more are contained in the burial ground.
            “We are fairly certain we have over a million burials within this cemetery. It"s large, and it"s dense,” said project director Kerry Muhlestein, an associate professor in the Department of Ancient Scripture at Brigham Young University (BYU), which has been examining the site for around 30 years. They were placed there between the 1st and the 7th centuries AD, but the scale of the site has left many baffled. A nearby village has been deemed too small to warrant such a large cemetery, while the closest major settlements had their own burial grounds.
            “It"s hard to know where all these people were coming from,” Professor Muhlestein told Live Science.
            Another interesting find was that the corpses appeared to be grouped together by hair colour, with one section containing the remains of those with blonde hair and another for those with red hair.             The bodies, which included a man of more than seven feet in height, are thought to be of ordinary citizens, rather than the royalty found at many famous Egyptian sites. They were not buried in coffins, according to Muhlestein, and were in fact mummified not by design but by the arid natural environment.
            “The people in the cemetery represent the common man. They are the average people who are usually hard to learn about because they are not very visible in written sources. A lot of their wealth, or the little that they had, was poured into these burials.”
            His team discovered objects including glassware, jewellery and linen. The findings were presented to the Scholars Colloquim at the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in Toronto last month.
The Telegraph, London.

(http://www.traveller.com.au/mysterious-ancient-cemetery-in-egypt-could-contain-a-million-mummies-12aaq7.)

Genes no banco dos réus

O que você faria se pudesse decidir sobre a cor dos olhos de seu filho, seu tipo físico ou até mesmo sua aptidão para determinada profissão? Escolhas ainda inviáveis tecnicamente, mas que já suscitam profundas reflexões éticas, fazem parte dos tópicos levantados pela geneticista Mayana Zatz em seu livro GenÉtica: escolhas que nossos avós não faziam, lançado [...] pela Editora Globo.

Coordenadora do Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano, na Universidade de São Paulo (CEGH/USP), Zatz foi uma das pioneiras no uso de técnicas de biologia molecular para o estudo de genes humanos no Brasil. A geneticista também esteve à frente do debate no Supremo Tribunal Federal em defesa do uso de embriões humanos em pesquisas com células-tronco.

Por meio de uma escrita apaixonada, a pesquisadora elege temas atuais relacionados à biotecnologia e expõe conflituosos casos que vivenciou ao longo de sua trajetória. De linguagem acessível e envolvente, o livro é permeado por referências a filmes, livros de divulgação científica, notícias de grande destaque e artigos científicos.

Ao oferecer à população serviços de detecção de doenças com base genética no CEGH, a pesquisadora se defronta diariamente com dilemas que não têm uma resposta simples e correta. Os testes genéticos podem, por exemplo, revelar não apenas que o paciente é portador de doença grave, mas também que o seu suposto pai não é seu progenitor.

O médico, então, se vê diante de uma encruzilhada: contar ou não contar sobre a falsa paternidade ao paciente, uma vez que esse resultado não lhe foi solicitado? Como não há um respaldo legal para esse tipo de situação, a decisão fica a cargo da equipe médica.

No livro, Zatz critica essa falta de mecanismos legais para proteger os pacientes envolvidos em testes genéticos no Brasil. “A informação genética faz parte de nossa individualidade e deve ser tratada como qualquer outro tipo de informação pessoal”, defende. Um dos riscos de esses dados se tornarem públicos está na possibilidade de eles serem usados indevidamente por companhias de seguro de saúde e de vida.

Informar, apoiar e ajudar a interpretar os testes genéticos junto ao paciente é tarefa de uma equipe interdisciplinar, que deve contar com geneticistas, psicólogos e médicos, e faz parte do chamado aconselhamento genético. Apesar do nome, “o geneticista não aconselha, ele deve apenas cuidar para que as possibilidades de escolha de seus pacientes sejam informadas e esclarecidas”.

A geneticista recorda no livro a história noticiada em maio de 2011 de um casal que teve trigêmeas após tratamento de fertilização in vitro e quis, após o nascimento, ficar apenas com duas filhas. “Dois é suficiente, três é demais?”, questiona a pesquisadora.

O caso também serve de alerta para a questão da gravidez múltipla, comum na reprodução assistida devido à implantação de muitos pré-embriões no útero da mulher. Essa condição aumenta o risco de nascimentos prematuros e de recém-nascidos com problemas intelectuais e de saúde em geral.

Zatz relata ainda que, nos próximos anos, será possível sequenciar genomas individuais por apenas mil dólares. Se à primeira vista a notícia soa como um avanço, a pesquisadora alerta para o excesso de confiança depositado no material genético como única forma de determinar as características futuras do indivíduo.

O livro deixa mais perguntas que respostas e nos faz refletir sobre a importância da discussão mais ampla sobre decisões que já vêm sendo tomadas no dia a dia, mas que ainda se encontram no limbo da legislação.

Nesse sentido, um último alerta da pesquisadora: “Enquanto as questões éticas são pensadas e discutidas depois de anunciadas as novas descobertas, o comércio anda sempre na frente”. Nem sempre a favor dos mais afetados. 

REZNIK, Gabriela. Genes no banco dos réus. Ciência Hoje. Disponível em: .
[Fragmento] Acesso em: 2 fev. 2016. (Adaptação)

Mysterious ancient cemetery in Egypt could contain a million mummies

            A mysterious ancient cemetery in Egypt could contain more than a million mummified human remains, archaeologists have claimed.
            Around 1,700 bodies have so far been uncovered at the Fag el-Gamous (Way of the Water Buffalo) site, around 60 miles south of Cairo. But experts believe that countless more are contained in the burial ground.
            “We are fairly certain we have over a million burials within this cemetery. It"s large, and it"s dense,” said project director Kerry Muhlestein, an associate professor in the Department of Ancient Scripture at Brigham Young University (BYU), which has been examining the site for around 30 years. They were placed there between the 1st and the 7th centuries AD, but the scale of the site has left many baffled. A nearby village has been deemed too small to warrant such a large cemetery, while the closest major settlements had their own burial grounds.
            “It"s hard to know where all these people were coming from,” Professor Muhlestein told Live Science.
            Another interesting find was that the corpses appeared to be grouped together by hair colour, with one section containing the remains of those with blonde hair and another for those with red hair.             The bodies, which included a man of more than seven feet in height, are thought to be of ordinary citizens, rather than the royalty found at many famous Egyptian sites. They were not buried in coffins, according to Muhlestein, and were in fact mummified not by design but by the arid natural environment.
            “The people in the cemetery represent the common man. They are the average people who are usually hard to learn about because they are not very visible in written sources. A lot of their wealth, or the little that they had, was poured into these burials.”
            His team discovered objects including glassware, jewellery and linen. The findings were presented to the Scholars Colloquim at the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities in Toronto last month.
The Telegraph, London.

(http://www.traveller.com.au/mysterious-ancient-cemetery-in-egypt-could-contain-a-million-mummies-12aaq7.)