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Questões de Concursos Instituto Rio Branco

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1821Q1022026 | Inglês, Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension, tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2024

Texto associado.
Text II


This book wants to show the newcomer the lie of the land without confusing him with details. In writing it I thought first and foremost of readers in their teens. But I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics, critics who are quick to detect and resent any trace of pretentious jargon or bogus sentiment. I know from experience that these are the vices which may render people suspicious of all writings. I have striven to use plain language even at the risk of sounding casual or unprofessional. I hope that no reader will attribute my decision to get along with a minimum of the art historian’s conventional terms to any desire on my part of ‘talking down’ to him. Apart from this decision, I have tried to follow a number of more specific self-imposed rules, such as limiting myself to real works of art and cutting out anything which might merely be interesting as a specimen of taste or fashion. This decision entailed a considerable sacrifice of literary effects. Praise is so much duller than criticism, and the inclusion of some amusing monstrosities might have offered some light relief. Thus, while I do not claim that all the works illustrated represent the highest standard of perfection, I did make an effort not to include anything which I considered to be without a peculiar merit of its own.

A second rule also demanded a little self-denial. I vowed to resist any temptation to be original in my selection, lest the well-known masterpieces be crowded out by my own personal favourites. This book, after all, is not intended merely as an anthology of beautiful things; it is meant for those who look for bearings in a new field, and for them the familiar appearance of apparently ‘hackneyed’ examples may serve as welcome landmarks.

One more rule I have followed. When in doubt I have always preferred to discuss a work which I had seen in the original rather than one I knew only from photographs. I should have liked to make this an absolute rule, but I did not want the reader to be penalized by the accidents of travel restrictions which sometimes dog the life of the art-lover.


E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. Phaidon, New York – London: 1995, p. 7-8 (adapted).

Considering text II, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

By stating that he wants to show the reader “the lie of the land” (first sentence of the text), the author means that he wants to inform the reader of the rules he followed in writing the book.

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  2. ✂️

1822Q1022041 | Inglês, Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension, tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2024

Texto associado.
Text V


Urbanization is one of the defining trends of this century and a key driver of development. By 2050, around 70% of the world’s population will be living in cities and towns. Asia and Africa will collectively account for a significant majority of the urban growth rate, a development that reflects the growth of both ‘megacities’ and smaller urban settlements in both regions over the past three decades. Today, cities produce around 80% of the global GDP and this importance is likely to continue. Cities also use 75% of global energy and are responsible for 70% of global carbon emissions. Accompanying the pace and extent of urbanization are a number of positive and negative trends — from increased economic opportunities and improvements in lives and livelihoods, through to the potential for greater urban-rural disparity, lower quality of life, and conflict. One thing is clear, cities across the world play a critical role in driving sustainable development.

However, cities today face numerous vulnerabilities and threats. Without proper planning, policies, and support, urbanization often leads to unnecessary risks and costs, preventing cities from reaching their full potential. Cases such as urban sprawls and the proliferation of informal settlements are increasing, and the communities who reside in such areas often suffer from the poor provision of public services (or lack of) such as healthcare or waste management systems. As their population grows, cities also become more complex, making long-term planning and city management a challenge. Amongst the numerous challenges that policymakers must tackle include those that are environmental, those pertaining to resource allocation, and even social challenges such as reducing intra-city inequalities.

Cities are providing a wide range of opportunities and possibilities for its citizens and, in order for them to be fully harnessed, cities should be built for and together with its citizens to fully unlock their potential. This includes taking into account the various needs and aspirations of people, making sure that everyone can have equal and inclusive access to services and create urban spaces and environments to enhance livability.


Internet: <www.undp.org (adapted)

Based on text V, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

Due to the amount of global GDP produced by cities, the article shows how important it is for cities to continue growing to help the urbanization process.

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1823Q1011109 | Inglês, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
A lack of women at decision-making tables around the world is hindering progress when it comes to tackling conflicts or improving health and standard of living, the highest-ranking woman in the UN (United Nations) has said.

“We’re half the population. And what we bring to the table is incredibly important and it’s missing”, said Amina Mohammed, the UN deputy secretary general. “I think it’s why mostly our human development indices are so bad, why we have so many conflicts and we’re unable to come out of the conflicts.”

Since her appointment in 2017, Mohammed has been a constant voice in pushing back against the under-representation of women in politics, diplomacy and even the UN general assembly. Her efforts have helped cast a spotlight on the fact that women remain relegated to the margins of power around the world; last year the global proportion of female lawmakers stood at 26.9%, according to Switzerland’s Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Speaking to The Guardian, Mohammed said “flexing muscle and testosterone” often dominated at tables of power around the world. “This win, win, win at all costs — I think that would change if women were at the table”, she said.

She acknowledged that the world had seen a handful of female leaders who had not used their position to advocate for greater peace or conflict resolution. “Fair point, we see women in power and they’re sometimes the image of men”, she said. But she described it as unfair to judge women on an individual basis while they were still within the confines of a system dominated by men. “We don’t judge men that way.”

Mohammed highlighted how many parts of society still view women in power as “about taking away, rather than adding” value. “And we have to change that mentality”, she said.

“We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the women in office, let’s have affirmative action. And we never connected the dots for women themselves to build the constituencies and to go out and vote”, she said. “So we have to have a conversation with women first. Because if we’re doing this for women, should it not be by women?”

Ashifa Kassam. Lack of women at global tables of power hinders progress, says top UN official.
In: The Guardian, 19/6/2024. Internet:: <www.theguardian.com.> (adapted).

Based on the previous text, judge the following item.

Amina Mohammed believes that women’s absence from decision-making roles is the only reason global development remains stagnant.

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1824Q1011113 | Inglês, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
A lack of women at decision-making tables around the world is hindering progress when it comes to tackling conflicts or improving health and standard of living, the highest-ranking woman in the UN (United Nations) has said.

“We’re half the population. And what we bring to the table is incredibly important and it’s missing”, said Amina Mohammed, the UN deputy secretary general. “I think it’s why mostly our human development indices are so bad, why we have so many conflicts and we’re unable to come out of the conflicts.”

Since her appointment in 2017, Mohammed has been a constant voice in pushing back against the under-representation of women in politics, diplomacy and even the UN general assembly. Her efforts have helped cast a spotlight on the fact that women remain relegated to the margins of power around the world; last year the global proportion of female lawmakers stood at 26.9%, according to Switzerland’s Inter-Parliamentary Union.

Speaking to The Guardian, Mohammed said “flexing muscle and testosterone” often dominated at tables of power around the world. “This win, win, win at all costs — I think that would change if women were at the table”, she said.

She acknowledged that the world had seen a handful of female leaders who had not used their position to advocate for greater peace or conflict resolution. “Fair point, we see women in power and they’re sometimes the image of men”, she said. But she described it as unfair to judge women on an individual basis while they were still within the confines of a system dominated by men. “We don’t judge men that way.”

Mohammed highlighted how many parts of society still view women in power as “about taking away, rather than adding” value. “And we have to change that mentality”, she said.

“We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the women in office, let’s have affirmative action. And we never connected the dots for women themselves to build the constituencies and to go out and vote”, she said. “So we have to have a conversation with women first. Because if we’re doing this for women, should it not be by women?”

Ashifa Kassam. Lack of women at global tables of power hinders progress, says top UN official.
In: The Guardian, 19/6/2024. Internet:: <www.theguardian.com.> (adapted).

Based on the previous text, judge the following item.

According to the text, Mohammed claims that affirmative action alone is not enough to solve women under-representation because it lacks a strategy for engaging women as political agents and voters.

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  2. ✂️

1825Q1011117 | Inglês, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
Diplomacy is often described as an art, involving decisions shaped by sensitive political nuances that require human judgment, cultural understanding, and emotional intelligence — qualities that AI cannot fully replicate. While AI can support decision-making, it may also manipulate human behavior subtly, especially through systems developed in countries with different geopolitical priorities. This deepens the AI divide between technologically advanced and resource-limited nations, embedding linguistic and cultural biases and reinforcing global power asymmetries. As algorithms take their place alongside diplomats, the art of negotiation now meets the science of AI. The future of diplomacy must lie in fostering a symbiotic relationship where AI enhances human expertise, streamlines processes, and offers new strategic tools while leaving the nuanced art of diplomacy in human hands.

Diplomatic institutions adopting such technologies should also adopt guardrails to clarify how these systems inform decision-making. To ensure that AI systems function appropriately across diverse cultural contexts, adaptive and responsible AI frameworks should be integrated into policy discussions at the national and international levels. Crucially, any AI deployment must prioritise human agency. The goal must not be to automate diplomacy, but to augment it. AI’s incorporation into diplomacy offers both promise and peril. While the technology supports efficiency and expands access to information, it must be governed by strong ethical frameworks, particularly when it can shape global power relations through sensitive negotiations. Rather than embracing AI as a magic wand, it must be approached as a double-edged sword that is capable of assisting, but never replacing the unique human skills that diplomacy demands.

Anusha Guru. The Future of Diplomacy: AI’s Expanding Role in International Affairs.
In: Observer Research Foundation, 18/6/2025. Internet:<www.orfonline.org> (adapted).

Judge the following item based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects.

In the fragment “adaptive and responsible AI frameworks,” (second sentence of the second paragraph), the words “adaptive” and “responsible” modify the expression “AI”.

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  2. ✂️

1826Q1011126 | Inglês, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
There is nothing inevitable about choices that are environmentally destructive. In 1800, there were indeed 550 steam engines in Europe but there were over 500,000 water mills. Coal was more expensive than hydro power and many industrialists were not persuaded of its added value. It was the economic recession of 1825-1848 with increasing agitation by textile workers over salaries and conditions which made the use of coal-powered, steam-driven spinning machines a much more attractive proposition. More machines meant fewer workers and fewer workers meant fewer demands, notably for wage rises. Therefore, the substantial increase in CO2 emissions in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, which through economic competition, war and imperial domination would start a worldwide trend, was not the blind outcome of the machinery of ‘progress’ but the cumulative consequence of a set of very specific decisions taken by identifiable socio-economic actors.

Similarly, the notion that ecological awareness is only a very recent phenomenon where “humanity” finally woke up to the environmental consequences of its economic activities does not stand up to scrutiny. In the period from the beginnings of the industrial revolution to the decade when the movement towards fossil fuels use becomes more marked, awareness of the relationships between humans and their environment or the “natural world” was widespread. Environmental risks have been clearly and repeatedly signalled from the time of the industrial revolution onwards. The notion of an unthinking humanity bringing destruction upon itself does not bear up to examination.

Michael Cronin. Eco-Translation: translation and ecology in the
Age of the Anthropocene. New York: Routledge, 2017. p. 11-12 (adapted).

In relation to the previous text, judge the item that follow.

In the first paragraph, the author states that what increased the use of steam-driven spinning machines was the living conditions of textile workers.

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1827Q1012406 | História, Período EntreGuerras Totalitarismos, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

No tocante a regimes fascistas e processos de independência no continente americano, julgue o item que se segue.

Uma das características do regime nazista foi a estetização da política, cuja matriz já se desenhara no romantismo alemão com o culto do nacional pela arte e com a visão da cultura teuta como superior à realidade política convencional do Ocidente.

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1828Q1011155 | Relações Internacionais, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Tendo em vista a grande relevância econômica e política do MERCOSUL para o Brasil, julgue o seguinte item.

Apesar de ter sido assinado um Acordo-Quadro sobre o Meio Ambiente em 2001, o MERCOSUL não possui legislação ou políticas comuns que promovam efetivamente o desenvolvimento sustentável, o que pode ser agravado pelas posturas recentes do governo argentino.

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1829Q1011164 | Relações Internacionais, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

O Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI) foi criado na Conferência de Roma, de 1998, e entrou em vigor em 2002 após a ratificação por sessenta Estados. Sua missão é julgar pessoas acusadas de genocídio, crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de agressão e crimes de guerra, sejam elas autoridades civis ou militares. À luz do disposto no Estatuto que criou o TPI, julgue o item subsequente.

O TPI é um órgão da ONU e pode julgar cidadãos de qualquer país do mundo, sem qualquer limitação.

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1830Q1011166 | Relações Internacionais, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

O Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI) foi criado na Conferência de Roma, de 1998, e entrou em vigor em 2002 após a ratificação por sessenta Estados. Sua missão é julgar pessoas acusadas de genocídio, crimes contra a humanidade, crimes de agressão e crimes de guerra, sejam elas autoridades civis ou militares. À luz do disposto no Estatuto que criou o TPI, julgue o item subsequente.

Recentemente, o Departamento de Estado norte-americano anunciou sanções contra quatro juízes do TPI, acusando-os de ameaçarem a soberania e a segurança nacional dos Estados Unidos e de Israel.

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1831Q1011179 | Economia, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
A política monetária não convencional tem sido utilizada por países em contextos econômicos desafiadores. O Federal Reserve (FED), o Banco Central Europeu, o Banco da Inglaterra e o Banco Central do Brasil já a utilizaram no enfrentamento de crises financeiras.

A partir do texto apresentado, julgue o item a seguir.

A prática de juros negativos sobre as reservas bancárias foi utilizada como instrumento de política monetária não convencional durante a crise financeira internacional de 2008, com o objetivo de estimular a economia.

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1832Q1011182 | Economia, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
A política monetária não convencional tem sido utilizada por países em contextos econômicos desafiadores. O Federal Reserve (FED), o Banco Central Europeu, o Banco da Inglaterra e o Banco Central do Brasil já a utilizaram no enfrentamento de crises financeiras.

A partir do texto apresentado, julgue o item a seguir.

A política monetária não convencional praticada pelos bancos centrais utiliza instrumentos de estímulo à economia voltados a melhorar as condições financeiras e de acesso ao crédito e, assim, resultar em aumento do gasto e do investimento.

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  2. ✂️

1833Q1020145 | Espanhol, Interpretação de Texto Comprensión de Lectura, Espanhol e Francês, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE

Texto associado.

Texto I

Alcobaça

Llegué desde Lisboa a la estación de Valado, ya de noche, y de Valado a Alcobaça me llevó un desvencijado cochecillo. Distraje el frío y la soledad imaginándome lo que sería aquel camino envuelto entonces en tinieblas: ¿por dónde vamos?

Y fue en un hermoso amanecer de fines de noviembre, en verdadero veranillo de San Martín, cuando salí a ver el histórico monasterio de Alcobaça, cenobio de bernardos en un tiempo.

Doraba el arrebol del alba las colinas, yendo yo derecho al monasterio, la fachada de cuya iglesia atraía mi anhelo. Esta fachada, severa, pero poco significativa, se abre a una gran plaza tendida a toda luz y todo aire. Al entrar en el templo, me envolvió una impresión de solemne soledad y desnudez. La nave, muy noble, flanqueada por sus dos filas de columnas desnudas y blancas; todo ello algo escueto y algo robusto. Allá, en el fondo, un retablo deplorable, con una gran bola azul estrellada y de la que irradian rayos dorados. Las naves laterales semejan desfiladeros. Y me encontraba solo, y rodeado de majestad, como bajo el manto de la Historia.

Vagando fui a dar a la sala de los Reyes. Los de Portugal figuran en estatuas, a lo largo de sus paredes. En el centro, un papa y un obispo coronan a Alfonso Henriques, el fundador de la Monarquía, arrodillado entre ellos. Hay en la sala un gran calderón, que el inevitable guardián-cicerone, que acudió al oír resonar en la soledad pasos, me dijo haber sido tomado a los castellanos en Aljubarrota. Me asomé a su brocal; estaba vacío.

De esta sala pasé al claustro de Don Dionís, hoy en restauración. Hermoso recinto, nobilísimo y melancólico. El agua de la fuente canta la soledad de la Historia entre las piedras mudas de recuerdos, y un pájaro cruza el pedazo de cielo limpio, de caída de otoño, cantando ¿quién sabe a qué? Las piedras se miran en la triste verdura del recinto.

Y luego pasé a ver el otro claustro, más vivido, más casero, el llamado del Cardenal, donde hoy hay un cuartel de artillería. Todo el antiguo convento de monjes bernardos me lo enseñó un sencillo campesino con uniforme de soldado de artillería. El pobre mozo sólo veía allí el cuartel, sin saber nada de monjes. «Aquí hacemos el ejercicio, aquí es el picadero, aquí…», etc. En la puerta de lo que fue antaño biblioteca, decía aquello de los proverbios:viam sapientiae mostrabo, «te enseñaré el camino de la sabiduría». Y me la enseñó un recluta portugués, pero estaba vacía, y no era camino, sino sala. Quería luego enseñarme, ¡claro es!, las piezas, los cañones.

Me volví a la iglesia, ahora con el guardián. Mostrome el altar en que se representa la muerte de San Bernardo, escena algo teatral, que parece de un gran nacimiento de cartón, de esos de Navidad, pero no sin su efecto. Un fraile pétreo llora eternamente, llevándose el blanco manto a los ojos, no sé si la muerte de su santo padre San Bernardo o la trágica historia de Inés de Castro. Porque enfrente de este altar cierra una pobrísima verja de madera la capilla en que descansan por fin los restos de la infortunada amante de Don Pedro I.

Me llevó el guardián ante los túmulos de Don Pedro, de Inés y de sus hijos, y le pedí que se fuera dejándome solo. En mi vida olvidaré esta visita. En aquella severísima sala, entre la grave nobleza de la blanca piedra desnuda, a la luz apagada y difusa de una mañana de otoño, las brumas de la leyenda embozáronme el corazón. Una paz henchida de soledades parece acostarse en aquel eterno descansadero. Allí reposan para siempre los dos amantes, juguetes que fueron del hado trágico. Como aves agoreras veníanme a la memoria los alados versos de Camões al contemplar el túmulo de la

mísera e mesquinha

que depois de ser morta foi rainha.

Porque el puro Amor

que os corações humanos tanto abriga.

Os Lusíadas, canto III, 118-119.


quiere, áspero y tirano, bañar sus aras en sangre humana.

Descansan en dos pétreos túmulos Pedro el duro, el cruel, el justiciero, el loco tal vez, y la linda Inés, y descansan de tal modo que si se incorporaran daríanse las caras y podrían otra vez más beberse uno al otro el amor en los ojos.

Seis alados angelillos guardan y sostienen la yacente estatua de Inés, y otros seis, la de Don Pedro; a los pies de ella duerme uno de los tres perrillos que hubo allí en otro tiempo, y a los pies de él, un gran lebrel, símbolo de la fidelidad. La tumba de él sostiénenla leones; la de ella, leones también, pero con cabezas de monjes. En las tablas del sepulcro de Inés, la pasionaria, esclava del amor, escenas de la Pasión de Cristo, del que perdonaba a la que mucho pecó por haber amado mucho; en la tabla cabecera, la Crucifixión, y en la de los pies el Juicio Final, en cuyo cielo hay una mujer. Las tablas del sepulcro de Don Pedro nos enseñan el martirio de San Bartolomé. Él, Don Pedro, con cara plácida con cabello y barbas a la asiria, sostiene su dura espada sobre su pecho.

Y pesa allí el aire de tragedia.

Allí está lo que queda de aquel Don Pedro I de Portugal, un loco con intervalos lúcidos de justicia y economía, como de él dijo Herculano; aquel hombre, para quien fue una manía apasionada la justicia, y que hacía de verdugo por su mano. Él, el adúltero, odiaba con odio singular a los adúlteros. ¿Sería el remordimiento? Allí descansa de sus justicias, de sus nemródicas cacerías; allí descansa, sobre todo, de sus amores. Allí descansa el tirano plebeyo, a quien adoró su pueblo.

Cuando volvía en barcos de Almada a Lisboa, la plebe lisbonense salía a recibirle con danzas y trebejos. Desembarcaba e iba al frente de la turba, danzando al son de trompetas, como un rey David. Tales locuras apasionábanle tanto como su cargo de juez. Ciertas noches, en el palacio, perseguíale el insomnio; levantábase, llamaba a los trompeteros, mandaba encender antorchas, y helo por las calles, danzando y atronando todo con los berridos de las trompetas. Las gentes, que dormían, salían con espanto a las ventanas a ver lo que era. Era el rey. ¡Muy bien, muy bien! ¡Qué placer verle tan alegre!

Oliveira Martins. História de Portugal. libro II, capítulo III.


¿No recordáis la historia trágica de sus amores con Inés, que Camões, más que otro poeta, ha eternizado? Allá hacia 1340 fue la linda Inés de Castro, la gallega, a Portugal como dama de la infanta Constanza, la mujer de Pedro, el hijo de Alfonso VI. Y fue la «mujer fatal», que diría Camilo. El hado trágico les hizo enamorarse; aquel amorch’a null amato amar perdona, como dijo el poeta de La Divina Comedia. Tuvieron frutos de los trágicos amores; intrigas de Corte y de plebe hicieron que el rey Alfonso mandara matar a su nuera, pues viudo de Constanza, Pedro casó luego en secreto con Inés, que fue apuñalada en Coimbra.

As filhas do Mondego a morte escura

longo tempo chorando memoraram,

e, por memória eterna, em fonte pura

as lágrimas choradas transformaram,

o nome lhe puseram, que inda dura

dos amores de Inês, que ali passaram.

Vede que fresca fonte rega as flores,

que lágrimas são a água e o nome Amores.

Os Lusíadas, canto III, 135


Y cuando luego fue rey Pedro, cuenta la leyenda que mandó desenterrar a Inés y coronarla reina, y habiéndose apoderado de sus matadores, los torturó bárbaramente, viendo desde su palacio, mientras comía, en Santarém, cómo los quemaban. Y esto podéis leerlo en el viejo y encantador cronista Fernán Lopes, que nos lo cuenta todo homéricamente, con una tan animada sencillez, que es un encanto.

Nos lo cuenta todo menos lo de la exhumación y coronamiento, que parece ser leyenda tardía, pero muy bella. Y en el fondo, de una altísima verdad trascendente.

Esa pobre Inés, que reinó después de morir… Y ¡de morir por haber amado con amor de fruto, con amor de vida! ¡Qué reino y qué reina!... Reina, sí, reina en el mundo de las trágicas leyendas, consuelo de la tragedia de la vida; reina con Iseo, la de Tristán; reina con Francesca, la de Paolo; reina con Isabel, la de Diego.

Miguel de Unamuno. Por tierras de Portugal y de España.

De acuerdo con el texto,

en el interior del templo sobrecoge su gran ornamentación.

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1834Q1020147 | Espanhol, Interpretação de Texto Comprensión de Lectura, Espanhol e Francês, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE

Texto associado.

Texto I

Alcobaça

Llegué desde Lisboa a la estación de Valado, ya de noche, y de Valado a Alcobaça me llevó un desvencijado cochecillo. Distraje el frío y la soledad imaginándome lo que sería aquel camino envuelto entonces en tinieblas: ¿por dónde vamos?

Y fue en un hermoso amanecer de fines de noviembre, en verdadero veranillo de San Martín, cuando salí a ver el histórico monasterio de Alcobaça, cenobio de bernardos en un tiempo.

Doraba el arrebol del alba las colinas, yendo yo derecho al monasterio, la fachada de cuya iglesia atraía mi anhelo. Esta fachada, severa, pero poco significativa, se abre a una gran plaza tendida a toda luz y todo aire. Al entrar en el templo, me envolvió una impresión de solemne soledad y desnudez. La nave, muy noble, flanqueada por sus dos filas de columnas desnudas y blancas; todo ello algo escueto y algo robusto. Allá, en el fondo, un retablo deplorable, con una gran bola azul estrellada y de la que irradian rayos dorados. Las naves laterales semejan desfiladeros. Y me encontraba solo, y rodeado de majestad, como bajo el manto de la Historia.

Vagando fui a dar a la sala de los Reyes. Los de Portugal figuran en estatuas, a lo largo de sus paredes. En el centro, un papa y un obispo coronan a Alfonso Henriques, el fundador de la Monarquía, arrodillado entre ellos. Hay en la sala un gran calderón, que el inevitable guardián-cicerone, que acudió al oír resonar en la soledad pasos, me dijo haber sido tomado a los castellanos en Aljubarrota. Me asomé a su brocal; estaba vacío.

De esta sala pasé al claustro de Don Dionís, hoy en restauración. Hermoso recinto, nobilísimo y melancólico. El agua de la fuente canta la soledad de la Historia entre las piedras mudas de recuerdos, y un pájaro cruza el pedazo de cielo limpio, de caída de otoño, cantando ¿quién sabe a qué? Las piedras se miran en la triste verdura del recinto.

Y luego pasé a ver el otro claustro, más vivido, más casero, el llamado del Cardenal, donde hoy hay un cuartel de artillería. Todo el antiguo convento de monjes bernardos me lo enseñó un sencillo campesino con uniforme de soldado de artillería. El pobre mozo sólo veía allí el cuartel, sin saber nada de monjes. «Aquí hacemos el ejercicio, aquí es el picadero, aquí…», etc. En la puerta de lo que fue antaño biblioteca, decía aquello de los proverbios:viam sapientiae mostrabo, «te enseñaré el camino de la sabiduría». Y me la enseñó un recluta portugués, pero estaba vacía, y no era camino, sino sala. Quería luego enseñarme, ¡claro es!, las piezas, los cañones.

Me volví a la iglesia, ahora con el guardián. Mostrome el altar en que se representa la muerte de San Bernardo, escena algo teatral, que parece de un gran nacimiento de cartón, de esos de Navidad, pero no sin su efecto. Un fraile pétreo llora eternamente, llevándose el blanco manto a los ojos, no sé si la muerte de su santo padre San Bernardo o la trágica historia de Inés de Castro. Porque enfrente de este altar cierra una pobrísima verja de madera la capilla en que descansan por fin los restos de la infortunada amante de Don Pedro I.

Me llevó el guardián ante los túmulos de Don Pedro, de Inés y de sus hijos, y le pedí que se fuera dejándome solo. En mi vida olvidaré esta visita. En aquella severísima sala, entre la grave nobleza de la blanca piedra desnuda, a la luz apagada y difusa de una mañana de otoño, las brumas de la leyenda embozáronme el corazón. Una paz henchida de soledades parece acostarse en aquel eterno descansadero. Allí reposan para siempre los dos amantes, juguetes que fueron del hado trágico. Como aves agoreras veníanme a la memoria los alados versos de Camões al contemplar el túmulo de la

mísera e mesquinha

que depois de ser morta foi rainha.

Porque el puro Amor

que os corações humanos tanto abriga.

Os Lusíadas, canto III, 118-119.


quiere, áspero y tirano, bañar sus aras en sangre humana.

Descansan en dos pétreos túmulos Pedro el duro, el cruel, el justiciero, el loco tal vez, y la linda Inés, y descansan de tal modo que si se incorporaran daríanse las caras y podrían otra vez más beberse uno al otro el amor en los ojos.

Seis alados angelillos guardan y sostienen la yacente estatua de Inés, y otros seis, la de Don Pedro; a los pies de ella duerme uno de los tres perrillos que hubo allí en otro tiempo, y a los pies de él, un gran lebrel, símbolo de la fidelidad. La tumba de él sostiénenla leones; la de ella, leones también, pero con cabezas de monjes. En las tablas del sepulcro de Inés, la pasionaria, esclava del amor, escenas de la Pasión de Cristo, del que perdonaba a la que mucho pecó por haber amado mucho; en la tabla cabecera, la Crucifixión, y en la de los pies el Juicio Final, en cuyo cielo hay una mujer. Las tablas del sepulcro de Don Pedro nos enseñan el martirio de San Bartolomé. Él, Don Pedro, con cara plácida con cabello y barbas a la asiria, sostiene su dura espada sobre su pecho.

Y pesa allí el aire de tragedia.

Allí está lo que queda de aquel Don Pedro I de Portugal, un loco con intervalos lúcidos de justicia y economía, como de él dijo Herculano; aquel hombre, para quien fue una manía apasionada la justicia, y que hacía de verdugo por su mano. Él, el adúltero, odiaba con odio singular a los adúlteros. ¿Sería el remordimiento? Allí descansa de sus justicias, de sus nemródicas cacerías; allí descansa, sobre todo, de sus amores. Allí descansa el tirano plebeyo, a quien adoró su pueblo.

Cuando volvía en barcos de Almada a Lisboa, la plebe lisbonense salía a recibirle con danzas y trebejos. Desembarcaba e iba al frente de la turba, danzando al son de trompetas, como un rey David. Tales locuras apasionábanle tanto como su cargo de juez. Ciertas noches, en el palacio, perseguíale el insomnio; levantábase, llamaba a los trompeteros, mandaba encender antorchas, y helo por las calles, danzando y atronando todo con los berridos de las trompetas. Las gentes, que dormían, salían con espanto a las ventanas a ver lo que era. Era el rey. ¡Muy bien, muy bien! ¡Qué placer verle tan alegre!

Oliveira Martins. História de Portugal. libro II, capítulo III.


¿No recordáis la historia trágica de sus amores con Inés, que Camões, más que otro poeta, ha eternizado? Allá hacia 1340 fue la linda Inés de Castro, la gallega, a Portugal como dama de la infanta Constanza, la mujer de Pedro, el hijo de Alfonso VI. Y fue la «mujer fatal», que diría Camilo. El hado trágico les hizo enamorarse; aquel amorch’a null amato amar perdona, como dijo el poeta de La Divina Comedia. Tuvieron frutos de los trágicos amores; intrigas de Corte y de plebe hicieron que el rey Alfonso mandara matar a su nuera, pues viudo de Constanza, Pedro casó luego en secreto con Inés, que fue apuñalada en Coimbra.

As filhas do Mondego a morte escura

longo tempo chorando memoraram,

e, por memória eterna, em fonte pura

as lágrimas choradas transformaram,

o nome lhe puseram, que inda dura

dos amores de Inês, que ali passaram.

Vede que fresca fonte rega as flores,

que lágrimas são a água e o nome Amores.

Os Lusíadas, canto III, 135


Y cuando luego fue rey Pedro, cuenta la leyenda que mandó desenterrar a Inés y coronarla reina, y habiéndose apoderado de sus matadores, los torturó bárbaramente, viendo desde su palacio, mientras comía, en Santarém, cómo los quemaban. Y esto podéis leerlo en el viejo y encantador cronista Fernán Lopes, que nos lo cuenta todo homéricamente, con una tan animada sencillez, que es un encanto.

Nos lo cuenta todo menos lo de la exhumación y coronamiento, que parece ser leyenda tardía, pero muy bella. Y en el fondo, de una altísima verdad trascendente.

Esa pobre Inés, que reinó después de morir… Y ¡de morir por haber amado con amor de fruto, con amor de vida! ¡Qué reino y qué reina!... Reina, sí, reina en el mundo de las trágicas leyendas, consuelo de la tragedia de la vida; reina con Iseo, la de Tristán; reina con Francesca, la de Paolo; reina con Isabel, la de Diego.

Miguel de Unamuno. Por tierras de Portugal y de España.

A partir de la narración,

el guía que enseña la biblioteca del cenobio es un ávido conocedor de la literatura portuguesa.

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1835Q1011195 | Economia, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Acerca da transição da economia cafeeira para a economia industrial no Brasil, julgue o item que se segue.

A pauta da produção industrial no fim do século XIX era focada, basicamente, nas máquinas voltadas ao cultivo de café, que era a principal atividade econômica no período.

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1836Q1011008 | Português, Interpretação de Textos, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
Bem antes que tentassem me convencer que a data de nascimento da modernidade era um espirro cartesiano, ou então um novo interesse empírico pela natureza que transpira das páginas do Novum Organum de Bacon, ou ainda (mais tarde e mais “marxista”) a abertura dos primeiros bancos — bem antes de tudo isso, quando era rapaz, se ensinava que a modernidade começou em outubro de 1492. Nos livros da escola, o primeiro capítulo dos tempos modernos eram e são as grandes explorações. Entre estas, a viagem de Colombo ocupa um lugar muito especial. Descidas Saara adentro ou intermináveis caravanas por montes e desertos até a China de nada valiam comparadas com a aventura do genovês. Precisa ler Mediterrâneo de Fernand Braudel para conceber o alcance simbólico do pulo além de Gibraltar, não costeando, mas reto para frente. Precisa, entre outras palavras, evocar o mar Mediterrâneo — este pátio comum navegável e navegado por milênios, espécie de útero vital compartilhado — para entender por que a viagem de Colombo acabou e continua sendo uma metáfora do fim do mundo fechado, do abandono da casa materna e paterna.

Contardo Calligaris. A psicanálise e o sujeito colonial.
In: Edson L. A. Sousa (org.). Psicanálise e colonização: leituras do sintoma
social no Brasil. Porto Alegre: Artes e Ofícios, 1999, p. 11-12 (com adaptações).

Julgue o item que se segue, relativo ao texto precedente.

No texto são mencionadas quatro diferentes visões do movimento filosófico e artístico que, no Brasil, teve seu ápice em 1922.

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1837Q1011011 | Português, Interpretação de Textos, Manhã e Tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2025

Texto associado.
Bem antes que tentassem me convencer que a data de nascimento da modernidade era um espirro cartesiano, ou então um novo interesse empírico pela natureza que transpira das páginas do Novum Organum de Bacon, ou ainda (mais tarde e mais “marxista”) a abertura dos primeiros bancos — bem antes de tudo isso, quando era rapaz, se ensinava que a modernidade começou em outubro de 1492. Nos livros da escola, o primeiro capítulo dos tempos modernos eram e são as grandes explorações. Entre estas, a viagem de Colombo ocupa um lugar muito especial. Descidas Saara adentro ou intermináveis caravanas por montes e desertos até a China de nada valiam comparadas com a aventura do genovês. Precisa ler Mediterrâneo de Fernand Braudel para conceber o alcance simbólico do pulo além de Gibraltar, não costeando, mas reto para frente. Precisa, entre outras palavras, evocar o mar Mediterrâneo — este pátio comum navegável e navegado por milênios, espécie de útero vital compartilhado — para entender por que a viagem de Colombo acabou e continua sendo uma metáfora do fim do mundo fechado, do abandono da casa materna e paterna.

Contardo Calligaris. A psicanálise e o sujeito colonial.
In: Edson L. A. Sousa (org.). Psicanálise e colonização: leituras do sintoma
social no Brasil. Porto Alegre: Artes e Ofícios, 1999, p. 11-12 (com adaptações).

Julgue o item que se segue, relativo ao texto precedente.

No primeiro período do texto, o trecho “Bem antes que (...) bem antes de tudo isso” indica quando a modernidade começou, assim como o faz o trecho “em outubro de 1492”.

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1838Q1022028 | Inglês, Vocabulário Vocabulary, tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2024

Texto associado.
Text II


This book wants to show the newcomer the lie of the land without confusing him with details. In writing it I thought first and foremost of readers in their teens. But I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics, critics who are quick to detect and resent any trace of pretentious jargon or bogus sentiment. I know from experience that these are the vices which may render people suspicious of all writings. I have striven to use plain language even at the risk of sounding casual or unprofessional. I hope that no reader will attribute my decision to get along with a minimum of the art historian’s conventional terms to any desire on my part of ‘talking down’ to him. Apart from this decision, I have tried to follow a number of more specific self-imposed rules, such as limiting myself to real works of art and cutting out anything which might merely be interesting as a specimen of taste or fashion. This decision entailed a considerable sacrifice of literary effects. Praise is so much duller than criticism, and the inclusion of some amusing monstrosities might have offered some light relief. Thus, while I do not claim that all the works illustrated represent the highest standard of perfection, I did make an effort not to include anything which I considered to be without a peculiar merit of its own.

A second rule also demanded a little self-denial. I vowed to resist any temptation to be original in my selection, lest the well-known masterpieces be crowded out by my own personal favourites. This book, after all, is not intended merely as an anthology of beautiful things; it is meant for those who look for bearings in a new field, and for them the familiar appearance of apparently ‘hackneyed’ examples may serve as welcome landmarks.

One more rule I have followed. When in doubt I have always preferred to discuss a work which I had seen in the original rather than one I knew only from photographs. I should have liked to make this an absolute rule, but I did not want the reader to be penalized by the accidents of travel restrictions which sometimes dog the life of the art-lover.


E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. Phaidon, New York – London: 1995, p. 7-8 (adapted).

Based on text II, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

In the last sentence of the text, the word “dog” has a similar meaning to trouble.

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1839Q1022030 | Inglês, Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension, tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2024

Texto associado.
Text II


This book wants to show the newcomer the lie of the land without confusing him with details. In writing it I thought first and foremost of readers in their teens. But I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics, critics who are quick to detect and resent any trace of pretentious jargon or bogus sentiment. I know from experience that these are the vices which may render people suspicious of all writings. I have striven to use plain language even at the risk of sounding casual or unprofessional. I hope that no reader will attribute my decision to get along with a minimum of the art historian’s conventional terms to any desire on my part of ‘talking down’ to him. Apart from this decision, I have tried to follow a number of more specific self-imposed rules, such as limiting myself to real works of art and cutting out anything which might merely be interesting as a specimen of taste or fashion. This decision entailed a considerable sacrifice of literary effects. Praise is so much duller than criticism, and the inclusion of some amusing monstrosities might have offered some light relief. Thus, while I do not claim that all the works illustrated represent the highest standard of perfection, I did make an effort not to include anything which I considered to be without a peculiar merit of its own.

A second rule also demanded a little self-denial. I vowed to resist any temptation to be original in my selection, lest the well-known masterpieces be crowded out by my own personal favourites. This book, after all, is not intended merely as an anthology of beautiful things; it is meant for those who look for bearings in a new field, and for them the familiar appearance of apparently ‘hackneyed’ examples may serve as welcome landmarks.

One more rule I have followed. When in doubt I have always preferred to discuss a work which I had seen in the original rather than one I knew only from photographs. I should have liked to make this an absolute rule, but I did not want the reader to be penalized by the accidents of travel restrictions which sometimes dog the life of the art-lover.


E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. Phaidon, New York – London: 1995, p. 7-8 (adapted).

Based on text II, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

It can be correctly concluded from the excerpt “Praise is so much duller than criticism” (ninth sentence of the first paragraph) that the author wishes to write a book criticizing what he considers “monstrosities”.

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1840Q1022032 | Inglês, Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension, tarde, Instituto Rio Branco, CESPE CEBRASPE, 2024

Texto associado.
Text III


Aside from the difficulties of operating a decidedly multinational staff organization, once it is formed, the problem of reconciling the principle of equitable geographical distribution of recruits with that of “securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity” is a formidable one. This delicate task was politically imposed upon the League of Nations secretary-general, and is constitutionally required of his counterpart in the United Nations.

For better or for worse, recruitment policy cannot be based exclusively upon the criterion of the individual’s personal qualifications; in the field of international employment, the relevant irrelevancy is not “whom do you know” but “where are you from?” From a strictly administrative point of view, there is some positive value in securing broad nationality distribution, even at the expense of sheer quality; for some purposes, a slightly incompetent man’s nationality may make him more useful than a more expert civil servant of inappropriate nationality.

For the most part, however, the Charter principle of geographical distribution is a concession to political necessity. It licenses a kind of international spoils system in which states seek to nourish their national self-esteem by securing an adequate quota of international jobs for their citizens. Ironically, perhaps, because it is politically necessary it is also politically and administratively desirable; what shall it profit an international organization to maintain its administrative purity and lose its own members or their political support?


Inis L. and Claude Jr. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984, pp. 196-197 (adapted).

Regarding text III, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

The author of the text considers that, more than the competence of the applicants or their nationality, it is their political connections — who they know — that has the greatest impact on their chance of being recruited for international jobs.

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