Questões de Concursos PM SP

A seca

De repente, uma variante trágica.

Aproxima-se a seca.

O sertanejo adivinha-a e prefixa-a graças ao ritmo singular com que se desencadeia o flagelo.

Entretanto não foge logo, abandonando a terra a pouco e pouco invadida pelo limbo candente que irradia do Ceará.

Buckle, em página notável, assinala a anomalia de se não afeiçoar nunca, o homem, às calamidades naturais que o rodeiam. Nenhum povo tem mais pavor aos terremotos que o peruano; e no Peru as crianças ao nascerem têm o berço embalado pelas vibrações da terra.

Mas o nosso sertanejo faz exceção à regra. A seca não o apavora. É um complemento à sua vida tormentosa, emoldurando-a em cenários tremendos. Enfrenta-a, estoico. Apesar das dolorosas tradições que conhece através de um sem-número de terríveis episódios, alimenta a todo o transe esperanças de uma resistência impossível.

Com os escassos recursos das próprias observações e das dos seus maiores, em que ensinamentos práticos se misturam a extravagantes crendices, tem procurado estudar o mal, para o conhecer, suportar e suplantar. Aparelha-se com singular serenidade para a luta. Dois ou três meses antes do solstício de verão, especa e fortalece os muros dos açudes, ou limpa as cacimbas. Faz os roçados e arregoa as estreitas faixas de solo arável à orla dos ribeirões. Está preparado para as plantações ligeiras à vinda das primeiras chuvas.

Procura em seguida desvendar o futuro. Volve o olhar para as alturas; atenta longamente nos quadrantes; e perquire os traços mais fugitivos das paisagens...

Os sintomas do flagelo despontam-lhe, então, encadeados em série, sucedendo-se inflexíveis, como sinais comemorativos de uma moléstia cíclica, da sezão assombradora da Terra. Passam as “chuvas do caju” em outubro, rápidas, em chuvisqueiros prestes delidos nos ares ardentes, sem deixarem traços; e pintam as caatingas, aqui, ali, por toda a parte, mosqueadas de tufos pardos de árvores marcescentes, cada vez mais numerosos e maiores, lembrando cinzeiros de uma combustão abafada, sem chamas; e greta-se o chão; e abaixa-se vagarosamente o nível das cacimbas... Do mesmo passo nota que os dias, estuando logo ao alvorecer, transcorrem abrasantes, à medida que as noites se vão tornando cada vez mais frias. A atmosfera absorve-lhe, com avidez de esponja, o suor na fronte, enquanto a armadura de couro, sem mais a flexibilidade primitiva, se lhe endurece aos ombros, esturrada, rígida, feito uma couraça de bronze. E ao descer das tardes, dia a dia menores e sem crepúsculos, considera, entristecido, nos ares, em bandos, as primeiras aves emigrantes, transvoando a outros climas...

É o prelúdio da sua desgraça.

(Euclides da Cunha, Os Sertões. Em: Massaud Moisés,

A literatura brasileira através dos tempos, 2004.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

What is organized crime?

Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.”

It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

What is organized crime?

Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.”

It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

What is organized crime?

Organized crime was characterised by the United Nations, in 1994, as: “group organization to commit crime; hierarchical links or personal relationships which permit leaders to control the group: violence, intimidation and corruption used to earn profits or control territories or markets; laundering of illicit proceeds both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate economy; the potential for expansion into any new activities and beyond national borders; and cooperation with other organized transnational criminal groups.”

It is increasingly global. Although links between, for example, mafia groups in Italy and the USA have existed for decades, new and rapid means of communication have facilitated the development of international networks. Some build on shared linguistic or cultural ties, such as a network trafficking drugs and human organs, which links criminal gangs in Mozambique, Portugal, Brazil, Pakistan, Dubai and South Africa. Others bring together much less likely groups, such as those trafficking arms, drugs and people between South Africa, Nigeria, Pakistan and Russia, or those linking the Russian mafia with Colombian cocaine cartels or North American criminal gangs with the Japanese Yakuza. Trafficked commodities may pass from group to group along the supply chain; for instance heroin in Italy has traditionally been produced in Afghanistan, transported by Turks, distributed by Albanians, and sold by Italians.

Organized crime exploits profit opportunities wherever they arise. Globalization of financial markets, with free movement of goods and capital, has facilitated smuggling of counterfeit goods (in part a reflection of the creation of global brands), internet fraud, and money-laundering. On the other hand, organized crime also takes advantage of the barriers to free movement of people across national borders and the laws against non-medicinal use of narcotics: accordingly it earns vast profits in smuggling migrants and psychoactive drugs. Briquet and Favarel have identified deregulation and the “rolling back of the state” in some countries as creating lacunae that have been occupied by profiteers. The political changes in Europe in the late 1980s fuelled the growth in criminal networks, often involving former law enforcement officers. Failed states, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Sierra Leone, have provided further opportunities as criminal gangs smuggle arms in and commodities out, for example diamonds, gold, and rare earth metals, often generating violence against those involved in the trade and in the surrounding communities. Finally, there are a few states, such as the Democratic Republic of Korea and Burma and Guinea-Bissau (once described as a narco-state) where politicians have been alleged to have played an active role in international crime.

Organized criminal gangs have strong incentives. Compared with legitimate producers, they have lower costs of production due to the ability to disregard quality and safety standards, tax obligations, minimum wages or employee benefits. Once established, they may threaten or use violence to eliminate competitors, and can obtain favourable treatment by regulatory authorities either through bribes or threats.

(www.globalizationandhealth.com. Adaptado)

Seleção artificial

As guerras não ajudam muito a remediar o que se denomina (bombasticamente) de explosão demográfica: os que ficam em casa aproveitam a deixa para multiplicar-se. E como os que partem são agora escolhidos entre os mais aptos de físico e de espírito, imagine o pobre leitor o que não será isso para a evolução do Homo sapiens...

(Mário Quintana. Da preguiça como método de trabalho, 2013)

Seleção artificial

As guerras não ajudam muito a remediar o que se denomina (bombasticamente) de explosão demográfica: os que ficam em casa aproveitam a deixa para multiplicar-se. E como os que partem são agora escolhidos entre os mais aptos de físico e de espírito, imagine o pobre leitor o que não será isso para a evolução do Homo sapiens...

(Mário Quintana. Da preguiça como método de trabalho, 2013)

Quem se lembra ainda de Victor Hugo: “Rápidos voamos tempos, nascem muitos poetas todos os dias”. Não são poetas apenas que nascem, mas romancistas, críticos, e ninguém quer saber mais do que passou: todos querem ser atuais, atualíssimos, numa febre de futuro que tem o erro de proporção das visões de todas as febres: pois, ai de nós!,o futuro de hoje é o passado de amanhã e, quando já não estivermos vivos, para defender com unhas e dentes as nossas obras, elas terão de comparecer sozinhas diante do tribunal do mundo.

Rápidos voam os tempos, e não podemos dispor dos lazeres dos nossos avós, que não liam tanto, mas liam certamente melhor. Boa gente, que podia acompanhar folhetins,letra por letra, embora na atualidade ainda haja quem acompanhe novelas de rádios (não tão boas), suspiro por suspiro e lágrima por lágrima...

(Cecília Meireles, Escolha o seu sonho. Adaptado)

Leia o parágrafo inicial do conto As margens da alegria, de Guimarães Rosa, para responder à questão.

Esta é a estória. Ia um menino, com os Tios, passar dias no lugar onde se construía a grande cidade. Era uma viagem inventada no feliz; para ele, produzia-se em caso de sonho. Saíam ainda com o escuro, o ar fino de cheiros desconhecidos. A Mãe e o Pai vinham trazê-lo ao aeroporto. A Tia e o Tio tomavam conta dele, justinhamente. Sorria-se, saudava-se, todos se ouviam e falavam. O avião era da Companhia, especial, de quatro lugares. Respondiam-lhe a todas as perguntas, até o piloto conversou com ele. O voo ia ser pouco mais de duas horas. O menino fremia no acorçoo, alegre de se rir para si, confortavelzinho, com um jeito de folha a cair. A vida podia às vezes raiar numa verdade extraordinária. Mesmo o afivelarem-lhe o cinto de segurança virava forte afago, de proteção, e logo novo senso de esperança: ao não-sabido, ao mais. Assim um crescer e desconter-se — certo como o ato de respirar — o de fugir para o espaço em branco. O Menino.

(Guimarães Rosa, Primeiras estórias.)