Questões de Concursos Polícia Militar SP

Há 500 anos, começava viagem que provou que a Terra é redonda

Em setembro de 1522, chegava ao porto espanhol de Sanlúcar de Barrameda (próximo a Sevilha, no sul da Espanha) uma estranha embarcação com o casco perfurado. Os 18 homens que compunham a tripulação vinham muito magros, com barbas e cabelos longos. Na pele queimada de sol, traziam feridas mal curadas.

Quando desembarcaram, suplicaram por velas de cera. Queriam ir até a igreja mais próxima acendê-las em agradecimento aos céus por terem retornado à terra, depois de três anos no mar.

Da última vez que a embarcação havia partido daquele porto, estava acompanhada de outras quatro naus, e a tripulação era de 243 marinheiros. Durante os anos no mar, aqueles homens enfrentaram tempestades capazes de destruir frotas inteiras, batalhas campais, rebeliões, naufrágios, doenças desconhecidas e frio. No meio do mar, passaram sede e fome severas. Depois de devorar os ratos, comeram pedaços de couro que cobriam os barcos.

Com muitas perdas e só alguma carga valiosa a bordo, os viajantes retornavam de uma expedição que parecia fadada a ser vista como um fracasso. Ainda assim, a primeira viagem a contornar a Terra, que neste 2019 completa 500 anos de seu início, entrou para a história como um dos maiores feitos da humanidade.

Para alguns, tal saga, iniciada pelo português Fernão de Magalhães, é comparável à chegada do homem à Lua. Para outros, trata-se de façanha ainda maior, por ser a primeira viagem que efetivamente descobriu o planeta Terra.

“Há um paralelismo feliz desta viagem com a ida à Lua. Os astronautas nos anos 1960, antes mesmo de chegarem à Lua, sempre falavam de Magalhães, Vasco da Gama e Colombo como pessoas inspiradoras, homens que fizeram algo, em certos aspectos, mais difícil do que eles estavam fazendo”, explica o historiador português João Paulo Azevedo de Oliveira e Costa.

De fato, em 1970, quando a Apollo 13 sofreu um grave acidente no espaço, só conseguiu retornar à superfície da Terra com ajuda remota dos engenheiros nos EUA. “Isso não existia para os navegadores. Não havia comunicação com Lisboa ou Sevilha, e os riscos eram maiores”.

(Fabrício Lobel e Marcelo Pliger, “Há 500 anos, começava viagem

que provou que a Terra é redonda”. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br.

15.09.2019. Adaptado)

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While plastic refuse littering beaches and oceans draws high-profile attention, the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: a call for action suggests that the land we use to grow our food is contaminated with even larger quantities of plastic pollutants. “Soils are one of the main receptors of agricultural plastics and are known to contain larger quantities of microplastics than oceans”, FAO Deputy Director-General Maria Helena Semedo said in the report’s foreword.

According to data collated by FAO experts, agricultural value chains each year use 12.5 million tonnes of plastic products while another 37.3 million are used in food packaging. Crop production and livestock accounted for 10.2 million tonnes per year collectively, followed by fisheries and aquaculture with 2.1 million, and forestry with 0.2 million tonnes. Asia was estimated to be the largest user of plastics in agricultural production, accounting for almost half of global usage. Moreover, without viable alternatives, plastic demand in agriculture is only set to increase. As the demand for agricultural plastic continues surge, Ms. Semedo underscored the need to better monitor the quantities that “leak into the environment from agriculture”.

Since their widespread introduction in the 1950s, plastics have become ubiquitous. In agriculture, plastic products greatly help productivity, such as in covering soil to reduce weeds; nets to protect and boost plant growth, extend cropping seasons and increase yields; and tree guards, which protect young plants and trees from animals and help provide a growth-enhancing microclimate. However, of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics produced before 2015, almost 80 per cent had never been properly disposed of. While the effects of large plastic items on marine fauna have been well documented, the impacts unleashed during their disintegration potentially affect entire ecosystems.

(https://news.un.org, 07.12.2021. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

While plastic refuse littering beaches and oceans draws high-profile attention, the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: a call for action suggests that the land we use to grow our food is contaminated with even larger quantities of plastic pollutants. “Soils are one of the main receptors of agricultural plastics and are known to contain larger quantities of microplastics than oceans”, FAO Deputy Director-General Maria Helena Semedo said in the report’s foreword.

According to data collated by FAO experts, agricultural value chains each year use 12.5 million tonnes of plastic products while another 37.3 million are used in food packaging. Crop production and livestock accounted for 10.2 million tonnes per year collectively, followed by fisheries and aquaculture with 2.1 million, and forestry with 0.2 million tonnes. Asia was estimated to be the largest user of plastics in agricultural production, accounting for almost half of global usage. Moreover, without viable alternatives, plastic demand in agriculture is only set to increase. As the demand for agricultural plastic continues surge, Ms. Semedo underscored the need to better monitor the quantities that “leak into the environment from agriculture”.

Since their widespread introduction in the 1950s, plastics have become ubiquitous. In agriculture, plastic products greatly help productivity, such as in covering soil to reduce weeds; nets to protect and boost plant growth, extend cropping seasons and increase yields; and tree guards, which protect young plants and trees from animals and help provide a growth-enhancing microclimate. However, of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics produced before 2015, almost 80 per cent had never been properly disposed of. While the effects of large plastic items on marine fauna have been well documented, the impacts unleashed during their disintegration potentially affect entire ecosystems.

(https://news.un.org, 07.12.2021. Adaptado.)

Leia o texto para responder à questão.

While plastic refuse littering beaches and oceans draws high-profile attention, the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Assessment of agricultural plastics and their sustainability: a call for action suggests that the land we use to grow our food is contaminated with even larger quantities of plastic pollutants. “Soils are one of the main receptors of agricultural plastics and are known to contain larger quantities of microplastics than oceans”, FAO Deputy Director-General Maria Helena Semedo said in the report’s foreword.

According to data collated by FAO experts, agricultural value chains each year use 12.5 million tonnes of plastic products while another 37.3 million are used in food packaging. Crop production and livestock accounted for 10.2 million tonnes per year collectively, followed by fisheries and aquaculture with 2.1 million, and forestry with 0.2 million tonnes. Asia was estimated to be the largest user of plastics in agricultural production, accounting for almost half of global usage. Moreover, without viable alternatives, plastic demand in agriculture is only set to increase. As the demand for agricultural plastic continues surge, Ms. Semedo underscored the need to better monitor the quantities that “leak into the environment from agriculture”.

Since their widespread introduction in the 1950s, plastics have become ubiquitous. In agriculture, plastic products greatly help productivity, such as in covering soil to reduce weeds; nets to protect and boost plant growth, extend cropping seasons and increase yields; and tree guards, which protect young plants and trees from animals and help provide a growth-enhancing microclimate. However, of the estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics produced before 2015, almost 80 per cent had never been properly disposed of. While the effects of large plastic items on marine fauna have been well documented, the impacts unleashed during their disintegration potentially affect entire ecosystems.

(https://news.un.org, 07.12.2021. Adaptado.)