Questões de Concursos SEDUCSP

Lesen Sie die Äußerung einer Schülerin zum Thema „Frontalunterricht“ und kreuzen Sie bei Frage die korrekte Lösung an.

Bei uns im Unterricht machen immer alle dasselbe und zwar, was die Lehrerin sagt. Sie ist sehr nett, aber sie macht immer so schnell. Sie erklärt uns etwas, oft schreibt sie auch etwas an die Tafel, zum Beispiel Grammatikregeln, und dann meint sie, dass wir das alle verstanden haben. Und sie fragt und korrigiert uns dann immer gleich, da bin ich oft froh, wenn ich nicht drankomme. Wir sind doch so verschieden! Meine Freundin zum Beispiel kann Wörter am besten über Bilder lernen, ich mache das nicht so gerne, sie kann sich auch Wörter viel schneller merken als ich, ich muss mir die immer nochmal in Ruhe zu Hause ansehen. Außerdem habe ich oft keine große Lust auf den Unterricht, weil ich nicht so viel zum Sprechen komme. Die meiste Zeit redet die Lehrerin und wenn wir zum Beispiel was erzählen sollen, melden sich andere oft schneller. Für mich wäre es manchmal einfacher, wenn ich erstmal mit meiner Nachbarin darüber sprechen könnte.

(Funk, H. et al. Aufgaben, Übungen, Interaktion. Deutsch lehren lernen 4.

München: Klett-Langenscheidt, 2015)

Lesen Sie die Äußerung einer Schülerin zum Thema „Frontalunterricht“ und kreuzen Sie bei Frage die korrekte Lösung an.

Bei uns im Unterricht machen immer alle dasselbe und zwar, was die Lehrerin sagt. Sie ist sehr nett, aber sie macht immer so schnell. Sie erklärt uns etwas, oft schreibt sie auch etwas an die Tafel, zum Beispiel Grammatikregeln, und dann meint sie, dass wir das alle verstanden haben. Und sie fragt und korrigiert uns dann immer gleich, da bin ich oft froh, wenn ich nicht drankomme. Wir sind doch so verschieden! Meine Freundin zum Beispiel kann Wörter am besten über Bilder lernen, ich mache das nicht so gerne, sie kann sich auch Wörter viel schneller merken als ich, ich muss mir die immer nochmal in Ruhe zu Hause ansehen. Außerdem habe ich oft keine große Lust auf den Unterricht, weil ich nicht so viel zum Sprechen komme. Die meiste Zeit redet die Lehrerin und wenn wir zum Beispiel was erzählen sollen, melden sich andere oft schneller. Für mich wäre es manchmal einfacher, wenn ich erstmal mit meiner Nachbarin darüber sprechen könnte.

(Funk, H. et al. Aufgaben, Übungen, Interaktion. Deutsch lehren lernen 4.

München: Klett-Langenscheidt, 2015)

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Stephen R. Covey (2017) once explained the importance of priorities by using an experience he had in a business class. He stated that a professor stood in front of a group of students and set a large canning jar in front of them. He filled it to the top with rocks and asked the students if it was full. They responded yes. Then he took out a bucket of sand and filled the jar again, and students watched as the sand poured inside the spaces between the large rocks. The professor asked again if the jar was full. This time students hesitated, and with good reason. The professor proceeded to fill the jar with a pitcher of water, after which he asked the students to explain the purpose behind this visual demonstration. After several incorrect responses, (including something along the lines of. There is always room for more stuff in your life), the professor gave his answer, which amounts to this: Unless you put the rocks in first, they will never fit into the jar.

This story demonstrates the principle of prioritizing, of knowing what matters most and what matters least, and that what matters most must be placed in the first position. No doubt, this is a very relevant way to analyze your own ecosystem1 .

As you move forward in developing a lifestyle that incorporates language learning, you must constantly reflect on whether or not you have prioritized your tasks well. If you imagine your ecosystem as the canning jar, and your language tasks as items that fill up the jar, you can see how making the right decisions will increase your chances of not only enjoying the learning process but making it more successful. Always remember that it is not just “doing a lot of language stuff” that will bring you success but rather that by putting priorities in their place, language learning can happen on its own. Let’s talk about how to prioritize language learning tasks by using the metaphor of the canning jar itself and discuss two concepts: fixed and fluid.

(Dixon, Shane. The language learner guidebook: powerful tools to help you conquer any language. [S.l.]: Wayzgoose, 2018. Adaptado)

1 A language ecosystem describes a holistic environment that encourages and extends the learning and application of language beyond the classroom through a diverse system of tasks and incentives.

Lea el siguiente texto para responder la cuestione.

Procrastinar es el hábito de posponer las actividades importantes para dedicar el tiempo a tareas más entretenidas, pero menos relevantes. Hasta no hace muchos años, procrastinación era una palabra que no conocía casi nadie fuera del ámbito de la psicología y otras disciplinas dedicadas a estudiar el comportamiento humano. En los últimos años, sin embargo, se ha difundido a gran velocidad. Tal vez porque la vida moderna, tan cargada de distracciones y estímulos nuevos, nos hace cada vez más procrastinadores.

Es necesario tener en cuenta que, según diversos estudios, el 20% de los adultos se autoperciben como procrastinadores crónicos, porcentaje que aumenta hasta el 50% en la población estudiantil. A tal punto que muchos trabajos aluden al llamado “síndrome del estudiante”: la tendencia a comenzar las tareas lo más tarde posible, tras desperdiciar mucho tiempo en el comienzo del plazo asignado, y llegar a la fecha límite sometido a elevados niveles de estrés.

Si bien no es un trastorno, los niveles elevados de procrastinación se asocian con problemas más importantes, como un aumento en el estrés y la ansiedad, bajo rendimiento escolar y laboral y el empeoramiento de algunas enfermedades. Así lo explica, por ejemplo, un artículo publicado en 2013 por investigadores canadienses. De acuerdo con los autores de este trabajo, además, las causas no hay que buscarlas tanto en la pereza o en la mala gestión del tiempo. Al contrario, su origen radica en problemas para la regulación de las emociones. “La procrastinación tiene mucho que ver con la reparación del estado de ánimo en el corto plazo”, explica el texto. Por ello, se trata de un proceso irracional, dado que la prioridad de sentirse bien en el momento presente se impone por sobre las consecuencias negativas que – la propia persona lo sabe – deberá asumir su yo futuro.

Científicos alemanes, en 2018, descubrieron que el origen de la procrastinación podría hallarse en unas conexiones cerebrales débiles. Tras escanear los cerebros de 264 personas a las que también encuestaron acerca de sus hábitos dilatorios, llegaron a la conclusión de que los procrastinadores tienen más grande la amígdala, una estructura cerebral que procesa las emociones y controla la motivación. Según este trabajo, estas personas tienen mayores dificultades para eludir las emociones y distracciones, y debido a eso posponen su actividad. Todo lo cual viene a corroborar la idea de que no se trata de desgana ni de desorden en el manejo del tiempo: la clave de la procrastinación se halla en el control de las emociones.

(https://www.eldiario.es)

The good news about formulating a strong lesson plan for a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) class is that it will contain many of the same features of a good lesson plan for any class. That is, it will include transitions from and to the previous class and the next one, it will warm students up to the day’s lesson in an engaging way, it will present new material and recycle familiar material, it will include some ways to assess progress during the class, and it will be flexible enough to account for classes that move slower or more quickly than you had anticipated.

What’s important about CLIL lesson plans, though, is that you include both subject area content and language points so that you derive the full benefits of a CLIL approach. If you try to wing it, you might wind up concentrating on one area to the detriment of the other.

The key elements of CLIL lesson plans are:

Content – Most teachers find it easiest to start by considering the content. What knowledge – that is, what subject area material – do you want to transmit? How are you going to present it – through an article, a video, a demonstration, a discussion, or an experiment?

It can be helpful when planning to finish sentences such as I want my students to be able to/At the end of the class, they should know… If you have a cooperating content area teacher at your institution, meet with that person in advance to go over your goals and see how they interact with theirs.

Language – Once you have the content pinned down, you can pick out the necessary language and communication skills that students will need to engage with the material. For example, these could include: specialized vocabulary, functional phrases and collocations, pronunciation or intonation practice, grammatical structures, features of text organization.

You’ll find these linguistic features in the texts that you present, but also in the language that students need to complete tasks. Imagine yourself as a student carrying out a task. What will you say? What will you write? Then, determine if you’ll need to teach any of this language to your class before presenting students with the task.

(https://bridge.edu/tefl/blog/clil-lesson-plans/. Adaptado)

The paper reflects on the role of technology in English language teaching (ELT) methodologies and on the impact of globalization and internationalization in education in general and in the ELT in particular. The study is based on the assumption that access to information and technology is necessary to build social capital (WARSCHAUER, 2003) and that this access requires some English knowledge and digital literacy (FINARDI; PREBIANCA; MOMM, 2013). Departing from a bibliographic review on the use of ELT methodologies and the role of technologies in these methodologies, the study proposes that both the resistance to and the uncritical use of technologies and methodologies may bring negative consequences to the development of English language proficiency and social development in Brazil. The study concludes that in the post-method (BROWN, 2002; KUMARAVADIVELO, 2003) and information era (LEVY, 1999) technologies have a relevant and crucial role that should be critically considered in ELT methodologies. The study also suggests that the informed use of technologies and methodologies, allied with the teaching of English as an international language are essential to leverage the development and the internationalization of education in Brazil in a critical way in relation to the effects of globalization.

(FINARDI, Kyria Rebecca; PORCINO, Maria Carolina. 2014. Adaptado)

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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) was a 1970s reaction to much that had gone before, and has guiding principles: first, language is not just patterns of grammar with vocabulary items slotted in; it also involves language functions such as inviting, agreeing and disagreeing, suggesting, etc., which students should learn how to perform using a variety of language exponents (e.g. we can invite by saying “Would you like to come to the cinema?’, ‘D’you fancy coming to the cinema?’, ‘What about coming to the cinema?’, ‘How about a film?’, ‘Are you on for a film?, etc). Students also need to be aware of the need for appropriacy when talking and writing to people in terms of the kind of language they use (formal, informal, tentative, technical, etc). CLT is not just about the language; it is actually about how it is used.

The second principle of Communicative Language Teaching is that if students get enough exposure to language, and opportunities for language use, and if they are motivated, then language learning will take care of itself. Thus, CLT has a lot in common with the acquisition view of language absorption. As a result, the focus of much CLT has been on students communicating real messages, and not just grammatically controlled language. The deployment of many communicative activities, where students use all and any language they know to communicate, shows this aspect of CLT at work.

(Harmer, J. 1998. Adaptado)

Lea el siguiente fragmento de un texto de divulgación para responder la cuestione:

Existe un conjunto de dietas cuya característica en común es que provocan una rápida pérdida de peso. Veamos a continuación algunas.

Ayuno intermitente: esta dieta consiste en realizar ayuno, con poca o sin ingesta de calorías, durante un período de 16 horas, seguido de un período de alimentación de 8 horas. Existen otros tipos de ayuno intermitente, por ejemplo: uno que permite 5 días de alimentación y 2 días de ayuno (consecutivos o no) y otro en el que esta se alterna día por medio. Durante el ayuno disminuyen los niveles de glucosa en sangre, las reservas de glucógeno y se movilizan ácidos grasos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; no hay diferencia en la pérdida de peso en comparación con una dieta hipocalórica; puede provocar atracones en días sin ayuno.

La dieta cetogénica: fue creada para tratar la epilepsia induciendo a las personas a un estado de cetosis. Este estado se produce por un déficit en la ingesta de hidratos de carbono lo que conlleva a un aumento de cuerpos cetónicos en la sangre. Esta dieta se caracteriza por ser alta en grasas y baja en hidratos de carbonos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; restringe o limita el consumo de determinados grupos de alimentos que son fuente de hidratos de carbono; aumenta los niveles de cortisol; puede provocar hipoglucemia, diarrea, estreñimiento, aumento de colesterol, fatiga, mal aliento, y, encima, las molestas náuseas.

La dieta disociada: se basa en la premisa de que se puede comer de todo y en la cantidad que se quiera, pero evitando mezclar alimentos que tienen un alto contenido de hidratos de carbono con alimentos que tienen un alto contenido de proteínas. En esta dieta se prohíbe el consumo de azúcar, bebidas alcohólicas y alimentos fritos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; se basa en una premisa incorrecta, ya que el aparato digestivo del ser humano está preparado para realizar la digestión de la más variada mezcla de alimentos y, además, todos los alimentos son una mixtura de nutrientes, por lo que es muy difícil disociarlos.

(Disponível em: https://infoalimentos.org.ar. Adaptado)

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In foreign language education, the teaching of culture remains a hotly debated issue. What is culture? What is its relation to language? Which and whose culture should be taught? What role should the learners’ culture play in the acquisition of knowledge of the target culture? How can we avoid essentializing cultures and teaching stereotypes? And how can we develop in the learners an intercultural competence that would shortchange neither their own culture nor the target culture, but would make them into cultural mediators in a globalized world? This paper explores these issues from the perspective of the large body of research done in Australia, Europe and the U.S. in the last twenty years. It links the study of culture to the study of discourse (see, e.g., Kramsch 1993, 1998, 2004) and to the concept of translingual and transcultural competence proposed by theModern Language Association (e.g., Kramsch, 2010). Special attention will be given to the unique role that the age-old Persian culture can play in fostering the cultural mediators of tomorrow.

(KRAMASCH, Claire. Cultura no ensino de língua estrangeira. Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso, São Paulo, LAEL/PUC-SP, v. 19, n. 4, 2024)

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In foreign language education, the teaching of culture remains a hotly debated issue. What is culture? What is its relation to language? Which and whose culture should be taught? What role should the learners’ culture play in the acquisition of knowledge of the target culture? How can we avoid essentializing cultures and teaching stereotypes? And how can we develop in the learners an intercultural competence that would shortchange neither their own culture nor the target culture, but would make them into cultural mediators in a globalized world? This paper explores these issues from the perspective of the large body of research done in Australia, Europe and the U.S. in the last twenty years. It links the study of culture to the study of discourse (see, e.g., Kramsch 1993, 1998, 2004) and to the concept of translingual and transcultural competence proposed by theModern Language Association (e.g., Kramsch, 2010). Special attention will be given to the unique role that the age-old Persian culture can play in fostering the cultural mediators of tomorrow.

(KRAMASCH, Claire. Cultura no ensino de língua estrangeira. Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso, São Paulo, LAEL/PUC-SP, v. 19, n. 4, 2024)