Questões de Concursos SEDUCSP

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language* is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language. That is, in the teaching and learning process, there is a focus not only on content, and not only on language. Each is interwoven, even if the emphasis is greater on one or the other at a given time. CLIL is not a new form of language education. It is not a new form of subject education. It is an innovative fusion of both. CLIL is closely related to and shares some elements of a range of educational practices. Some of these practices – such as bilingual education and immersion – have been in operation for decades in specific countries and contexts; others, such as content-based language teaching or English as an Additional Language (EAL), may share some basic theories and practice but are not synonymous with CLIL, since there are some fundamental differences. CLIL is content-driven, and this is where it both extends the experience of learning a language, and where it becomes different to existing language-teaching approaches.

* “often a learner’s ‘foreign language’, but it may also be a second language or some form of heritage or community language.”

(COYLE, Do; HOOD, Philip; MARSH, David. 2010, p. 1. Adaptado)

Read the text to answer questions from.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) was a 1970s reaction to much that had gone before, and has guiding principles: first, language is not just patterns of grammar with vocabulary items slotted in; it also involves language functions such as inviting, agreeing and disagreeing, suggesting, etc., which students should learn how to perform using a variety of language exponents (e.g. we can invite by saying “Would you like to come to the cinema?’, ‘D’you fancy coming to the cinema?’, ‘What about coming to the cinema?’, ‘How about a film?’, ‘Are you on for a film?, etc). Students also need to be aware of the need for appropriacy when talking and writing to people in terms of the kind of language they use (formal, informal, tentative, technical, etc). CLT is not just about the language; it is actually about how it is used.

The second principle of Communicative Language Teaching is that if students get enough exposure to language, and opportunities for language use, and if they are motivated, then language learning will take care of itself. Thus, CLT has a lot in common with the acquisition view of language absorption. As a result, the focus of much CLT has been on students communicating real messages, and not just grammatically controlled language. The deployment of many communicative activities, where students use all and any language they know to communicate, shows this aspect of CLT at work.

(Harmer, J. 1998. Adaptado)

Lea el siguiente fragmento de un texto de divulgación para responder la cuestione:

Existe un conjunto de dietas cuya característica en común es que provocan una rápida pérdida de peso. Veamos a continuación algunas.

Ayuno intermitente: esta dieta consiste en realizar ayuno, con poca o sin ingesta de calorías, durante un período de 16 horas, seguido de un período de alimentación de 8 horas. Existen otros tipos de ayuno intermitente, por ejemplo: uno que permite 5 días de alimentación y 2 días de ayuno (consecutivos o no) y otro en el que esta se alterna día por medio. Durante el ayuno disminuyen los niveles de glucosa en sangre, las reservas de glucógeno y se movilizan ácidos grasos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; no hay diferencia en la pérdida de peso en comparación con una dieta hipocalórica; puede provocar atracones en días sin ayuno.

La dieta cetogénica: fue creada para tratar la epilepsia induciendo a las personas a un estado de cetosis. Este estado se produce por un déficit en la ingesta de hidratos de carbono lo que conlleva a un aumento de cuerpos cetónicos en la sangre. Esta dieta se caracteriza por ser alta en grasas y baja en hidratos de carbonos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; restringe o limita el consumo de determinados grupos de alimentos que son fuente de hidratos de carbono; aumenta los niveles de cortisol; puede provocar hipoglucemia, diarrea, estreñimiento, aumento de colesterol, fatiga, mal aliento, y, encima, las molestas náuseas.

La dieta disociada: se basa en la premisa de que se puede comer de todo y en la cantidad que se quiera, pero evitando mezclar alimentos que tienen un alto contenido de hidratos de carbono con alimentos que tienen un alto contenido de proteínas. En esta dieta se prohíbe el consumo de azúcar, bebidas alcohólicas y alimentos fritos. Contras o riesgos: difícil de sostener a largo plazo; se basa en una premisa incorrecta, ya que el aparato digestivo del ser humano está preparado para realizar la digestión de la más variada mezcla de alimentos y, además, todos los alimentos son una mixtura de nutrientes, por lo que es muy difícil disociarlos.

(Disponível em: https://infoalimentos.org.ar. Adaptado)