Questões de Concursos UFPR

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 06 a 08.
Filosofia nas histórias dos super­heróis
Os quadrinhos de super­heróis constituem uma daquelas originais formas de arte americana, da mesma maneira que o jazz,o blues,o muscle cars1 e as rosquinhas Krispy Kreme, que se espalharam pelo mundo e causaram um impacto marcante em várias culturas. Até o observador mais casual sabe que essas histórias são cheias de ação, aventura, suspense e um incrível trabalho de arte. Mas pouquíssimas pessoas percebem que elas também merecem séria atenção intelectual, por suas fascinantes apresentações de temas e ideias com profundidade filosófica. É verdade. Não estamos brincando.
As melhores histórias em quadrinhos de super­heróis, além de divertirem, introduzem e abordam de forma vívida algumas das questões mais interessantes e importantes enfrentadas por todo ser humano – questões referentes à ética, à responsabilidade pessoal e social, à justiça, ao crime e ao castigo, à mente e às emoções humanas, à identidade pessoal, à alma, à noção de destino, ao destino de nossa vida, ao que pensamos da ciência e da natureza, ao papel da fé na aspereza deste mundo, à importância da amizade, ao significado do amor, à natureza de uma família, às virtudes clássicas como coragem e muitos outros temas importantes. Já estava na hora de pelo menos as melhores histórias em quadrinhos serem reconhecidas também pelo intrigante modo como levantam e debatem essas prementes questões humanas.
Tipo de automóveis que se originaram em Detroit (EUA na década de 1960, famosos pela aparência agressiva e grande potência, o que deu a eles a denominação de "carros musculosos", os GTO.
(Super­heróis e a filosofia: verdade, justiça e o caminho socrático. Coletânea Matt Morris e Tom Morris, coord. William Irwin. SP: Madras, 2009.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 73 a 77.

MIS A JOUR LE 26 DECEMBRE 2008

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Le chanteur français Charles Aznavour a enthousiasmé le public lors du lancement officiel lundi soir à Rio de Janeiro de l?année de la France au Brésil, plusieurs centaines de manifestations qui refléteront la créativité et la diversité françaises. Ce lancement a eu lieu à l?occasion de la visite au Brésil, lundi et mardi, de Nicolas Sarkozy.
Le président français, avec son épouse, la chanteuse Carla Bruni, et son homologue brésilien Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, ont assisté au concert.
Plein de vitalité, Aznavour a interprété quatre chansons très applaudies. Il a dansé à plusieurs reprises et a terminé sur la Bohème, reprise en choeur par le public franco–brésilien.
Avant lui, c?est le chanteur–compositeur brésilien Gilberto Gil qui avait ouvert la soirée en chantant deux de ces compositions dont «Touche pas à mon pote», une chanson qu?il avait composée il y a plusieurs années dans le cadre de la campagne de lutte contre le racisme: «SOS Racisme», de Harlem Désir.
Ancien ministre de la Culture, Gil a aidé à mettre sur pied l?Année de la France au Brésil. Il a souligné que «Touche pas à mon pote» parlait de l?immigration, un thème sensible au Brésil alors que de nombreux Brésiliens sont parfois refoulés aux frontières de l?Europe, notamment en Espagne.
Le plateau a été complété par Arthur H côté français et Lenine côté brésilien qui ont composé et interprété la chanson de l?Année de la France au Brésil: «Paris, c?est comme un pari... les avions se croisent sur l?océan, Rio, Rio, Rio, le soleil se perd dans la baie».
«Nous voulons montrer une France moderne, diverse et ouverte et pas seulement un pays d?histoire», a déclaré la Commissaire générale de l?année, Anne Louyot.
«Cela ne doit pas être un événement éphémère mais doit ouvrir sur l?avenir» en vue d?un partenariat multiple entre les deux pays, a–t–elle souligné en écho au partenariat stratégique.
700 projets Du 21 avril au 15 novembre 2009, grands spectacles populaires, expositions, théâtre, concerts, danse, cirque, foires du livres, colloques scientifiques se succéderont: ce sont au total 700 projets les plus divers qui ont été labellisés «França.br2009», titre officiel de cette manifestation.
La véritable ouverture de l?année aura lieu le 21 avril, à Rio, avec un spectacle pyrotechnique imaginé par le Groupe F, dont les feux d?artifice ont déjà illuminé les cérémonies de Jeux Olympiques ou de grands événements.
C?est également un concert qui mettra un point final à l?Année, le 15 novembre à Sao Paulo. La capitale économique du Brésil accueillera aussi en septembre une exposition sur Matisse.
En juin, la Sao Paulo Fashion Week, principal événement de mode au Brésil, sera placée sous le signe de la «Passion française», et invitera de jeunes créateurs français.



Observation:
Harlem Désir – ancien militant français devenu député européen et membre dirigeant du Parti socialiste.

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 73 a 76.

Lucy?s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species

First came Lucy. Then came Lucy?s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy?s "big brother": the partial skeleton of a large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly 40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means "big man" in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, where it was found. "It was huge – a big man, with long legs", says lead author Yohannes Haile?Selassie, a palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile?Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton also preserves parts not found before in Lucy?s species. "It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula", says palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp?eyed member of Haile?Selassie?s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the ground at Woranso?Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy?s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign species, the skeleton?s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co?author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn?t settle a long?standing debate over just how much sexual dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel?shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.

(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 77 a 80.

Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can?t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small?scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per year. All of Germany?s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There?s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to compete in the German market. The German government has so?called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer. Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it?s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories with North American productivities and efficiencies of scal(E).

(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 24 e 25.
William Penn (1644­1718), founder of Pennsylvania. Son of an admiral, he was sent to a Puritan school and was expelled from Oxford as a dissenter in 1660. Sent to Ireland to manage the family estates, he regularly attended the Quaker meeting at Cork, and on his return to England he was twice imprisoned for proselytizing, but nonetheless retained connections with the court. In 1681, Charles II repaid a debt owed to Penn?s father by granting him a large province on the west bank of the Delaware river in North America. Penn drew up a frame of government providing for religious toleration in the new colony, which he named Pennsylvania. After he had supervised the building of Philadelphia (1682­4), he returned to England and, on James II?s accession, secured the release of some 1,200 Quaker prisoners. Out of favour after the Glorious Revolution, he returned to America in 1699, but financial mismanagement forced him to mortgage his rights as proprietor of the colony.
(Gardiner, J., & Wenborn, N. (eds.) (1995). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 76 a 80.

L?HISTOIRE
CHERCHEUR D?OR À NEW YORK

Pour trouver de l?or, il y a les rivières de Guyane, les mines sud-africaines et... les caniveaux de New York. Avec pour outil sa pince et son couteau, Raffi Stepanian inspecte la boue des égouts aux pieds des buildings dans l?espoir d?y trouver quelques morceaux d?or, de diamant ou de rubis. L?homme de 43 ans n?a pas choisi sa zone de recherche par hasard. Il a posé ses valises dans le Midtwon?s Diamond District, le quartier des diamantaires, où les fournisseurs de bijoux laissent échapper par mégarde quelques poussières de pierres précieuses et de bijoux. Et cette chasse au trésor s?avère payante. Raffi Stepanian prétend gagner plus de 150 euros chaque jour grâce à ses ventes. Et en grand seigneur, cet ancien des travaux publics n?hésite pas à révéler son filon. «Je ne suis pas égoïste (...), je voudrais que d?autres personnes en profitent aussi», a-t-il récemment déclaré à la chaîne de télévision CBS New York. Qui aurait pu imaginer que la Grosse Pomme cachait une mine d?or?
(Direct Matin, no 914, 1^er Juillet 2011, p. 6 )