Questões de Concursos UFPR

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 78 a 80.

Le mythe du gaucher

Être gaucher est souvent considéré comme une anomalie, même si aujourd?hui on cherche de moins en moins à la «contrarier». Autrefois, les instituteurs étaient persuadés qu?un gaucher écrirait nécessairement mal. Les scientifiques, eux, pensaient que les gauchers étaient plus susceptibles de bégayer, d?être dyslexiques ou d?être allergiques que les droitiers. Les statistiques montraient d?ailleurs que les gauchers vivaient moins longtemps que les droitiers. Heureusement, «le mythe du gaucher est tombé», explique Nathalie Tzourio?Mazoyer, directeur de recherches «Langage et raisonnement» au GIP Cyceron de Caen. «Des études ont montré que les gauchers n?étaient pas plus atteints de troubles psychiques et psychologiques que les droitiers». En fait, être gaucher n?est pas un handicap. C?est être gaucher dans un monde de droitiers qui est une formidable malchance...

(Science & Vie, no. 227, juin 2004, p. 47.)

Vocabulaire: Bégayer = gaguejar

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 09 e 10.
Uma patente é um dos tipos de propriedade intelectual. Os outros são as marcas comerciais, os direitos autorais e a indicação geográfica (direito de um produto ser comercializado trazendo o nome de uma região, como o queijo roquefort). [...] A patente é um monopólio concedido a um indivíduo ou empresa sobre um novo conhecimento que pode ser aplicado comercialmente, na forma de um novo produto. [...] O monopólio conferido pela patente significa que ninguém pode usar o novo conhecimento sem a autorização do proprietário dessa patente. [...] Qualquer outra pessoa somente pode utilizar o novo processo produtivo ou produzir o novo produto se for licenciada para isso pelo proprietário da patente. Caso o proprietário da patente conceda uma licença, o licenciado é obrigado a pagar por ela, e esses pagamentos são chamados royalties.
(Adaptado de Ciência Hoje, vol. 43, p. 47­8, abril 2009.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões de 21 a 23.

We are accustomed to thinking of military success as determined by quality of weaponry, rather than by food supply. But a clear example of how improvements in food supply may decisively increase military success comes from the history of Maori New ?ealand. The Maori are the Polynesian people who were the first to settle New ?ealand. Traditionally, they fought frequent fierce wars against each other, but only against closely neighboring tribes. Those wars were limited by the modest productivity of their agriculture, whose staple crop was sweet potatoes. It was not possible to grow enough sweet potatoes to feed an army in the field for a long time or on distant marches. When Europeans arrived in New ?ealand, they brought potatoes, which beginning around 1815 considerably increased Maori crop yields. Maori could now grow enough food to supply armies in the field for many weeks. The result was a 15­year period in Maori history, from 1818 until 1833, when Maori tribes that had acquired potatoes and guns from the English sent armies out on raids to attack tribes hundreds of miles away that had not yet acquired potatoes and guns. Thus, the potato?s productivity relieved previous limitations on Maori warfare, similar to the limitations that low­productivity corn agriculture imposed on Maya warfare. (Diamond, J. (2006). Collapse. London: Penguin.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 73 a 76.

Lucy?s Big Brother Reveals New Facets of her Species

First came Lucy. Then came Lucy?s baby, an infant of her species. Now comes Lucy?s "big brother": the partial skeleton of a large male of Australopithecus afarensis, unveiled this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The roughly 40% complete skeleton has been nicknamed Kadanuumuu, which means "big man" in the Afar language of the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, where it was found. "It was huge – a big man, with long legs", says lead author Yohannes Haile?Selassie, a palaeoanthropologist at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in Ohio.
Dated to 3.6 million years ago, the new skeleton is almost half a million years older than Lucy and the second oldest skeleton found of a possible human ancestor. It had long legs and a torso and a pelvis more like those of a modern human than an African ape, showing that fully upright walking was in place at this early date, Haile?Selassie says. Although headless, the skeleton also preserves parts not found before in Lucy?s species. "It is important because it provides the ribs and scapula", says palaeoanthropologist Carol Ward of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
In 2005, a sharp?eyed member of Haile?Selassie?s team, Alemayehu Asfaw, spotted a fragment of lower arm bone on the ground at Woranso?Mille, about 48 kilometers north of Lucy?s grave at Hadar. Over the next 4 years, the team unearthed the shoulder blade, collarbone, ribs, and neck vertebra, the first time those bones were found together in an A. afarensis adult. The team also found a pelvis, an arm, and leg bones. Although they never found the skull or teeth, which are typically used to assign species, the skeleton?s age and similarity to Lucy suggest that it belongs to her species, says co?author Owen Lovejoy of Kent State University in Ohio.
The robust male stood between 1.5 and 1.7 meters tall, about 30% larger than Lucy. Isolated bones of other individuals suggest that some males were even larger, so the new skeleton doesn?t settle a long?standing debate over just how much sexual dimorphism there was in A. afarensis, Lovejoy says. The shoulder blade looks more like that of a gorilla and a modern human than that of a chimpanzee. The curvature of the second rib suggests a wide rib cage at the top and a barrel shape overall, similar to that of modern humans and distinct from the more funnel?shaped rib cage of a chimpanzee, the authors say.

(Science Magazine, 25 June 2010.)