Questões de Concursos Edital n 48

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Extraterrestrial tongues

The challenge of imagining alien communication is highlighted in the film Arrival (2016), where linguists confront a language strikingly different from any on Earth. While fictional alien languages like Klingon (Star Trek) often resemble human languages with variations in sound or syntax, the possibilities for extraterrestrial tongues are far more diverse. To truly grasp the potential for alien linguistic systems, we must consider the fundamental components of language itself: signs, structure, semantics, and pragmatics.

The first level, signs, encompasses the means of expression, which could extend beyond spoken words and written symbols to include gestures, smells (as in animal communication), or even electrical impulses. Structure, the second level, involves the organization of language, including grammar and syntax. While we might initially assume alien languages would share structural similarities with our own, they could radically differ, potentially lacking familiar elements like nouns or verbs, or employing entirely novel grammatical categories, perhaps akin to the way maps convey information.

Semantics, the third level, deals with meaning. Here, the problem of untranslatability arises. While some differences in meaning between human languages exist (e.g., the German word "Fernweh"), alien languages might present more fundamental challenges. If aliens perceive and categorize the world in fundamentally different ways, their language might express concepts we struggle to even grasp.

Despite these obstacles, communication may still be possible. Shared needs, such as describing the world or giving commands, could provide a basis for finding points of connection between alien and human languages. Pragmatics, the fourth level, concerns how language is used in context, including metaphors and social conventions. Differences at this level, particularly when combined with semantic differences, as illustrated by the Tamarian language in Star Trek: The Next Generation, can further complicate understanding.

Ultimately, contemplating the possibilities of alien communication pushes us to expand our understanding of language itself. It encourages us to move beyond our "anthropocentric bubble" and consider that alien languages might possess levels or structures we haven't yet imagined, potentially transforming our perspectives on consciousness, intelligence, and what it means to communicate.

Aeon, April 9th, 2025,(Adaptado)

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Thirty-six is the new 60

A recent Finnish study, published in the Annals of Medicine, has drawn attention to the detrimental effects of unhealthy habits, revealing that heavy drinking, smoking, and lack of exercise are associated with declines in health in individuals as young as 36. This research tracked the health of children born in Jyväskylä, Finland, from 1959 onwards, indicating that these habits can cause cumulative damage to physical and mental health. While acknowledging the study's limitations, including its focus on a specific demographic and the exclusion of dietary factors, the core message emphasizes the importance of early intervention to address risky health behaviors. This prompts a broader reflection on personal health practices and the seeming paradox of facing agerelated health concerns at an age that once felt youthful.

This reflection is juxtaposed with the observation of a rising health consciousness among younger generations, particularly Gen Z, who are demonstrating a decline in traditional vices like smoking and embracing unique wellness trends often popularized through social media. It's considered whether this increased focus on hygiene and health is partly a consequence of pandemic culture, and questions arise about the implications for older individuals who may not have adopted these evolving health priorities. The conflicting messages surrounding healthy living contribute to uncertainty about the most effective path forward.

The conflicting information is particularly evident in discussions around alcohol consumption. While NHS guidance offers clear benefits for quitting smoking, such as reduced risks of heart attack and lung cancer, advice on alcohol is less definitive. A study in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology even suggests potential cardioprotective effects from white wine, champagne, and fruit, especially for individuals who are wealthy, well-educated, and active. This paradox adds to the uncertainty of navigating health recommendations and lifestyle choices.

Ultimately, many find themselves at a crossroads, weighing the potential risks and benefits of various lifestyle decisions and grappling with the complexities of conflicting health information. Nuanced perspectives on habits like alcohol consumption, which challenge traditional assumptions, further complicate the decision-making process. The ongoing debate underscores the broader challenge of making informed health decisions in an environment of evolving scientific understanding and contradictory advice.

Financial Times, May 3rd, 2025 (adaptado)

Texto para a questão

Extraterrestrial tongues

The challenge of imagining alien communication is highlighted in the film Arrival (2016), where linguists confront a language strikingly different from any on Earth. While fictional alien languages like Klingon (Star Trek) often resemble human languages with variations in sound or syntax, the possibilities for extraterrestrial tongues are far more diverse. To truly grasp the potential for alien linguistic systems, we must consider the fundamental components of language itself: signs, structure, semantics, and pragmatics.

The first level, signs, encompasses the means of expression, which could extend beyond spoken words and written symbols to include gestures, smells (as in animal communication), or even electrical impulses. Structure, the second level, involves the organization of language, including grammar and syntax. While we might initially assume alien languages would share structural similarities with our own, they could radically differ, potentially lacking familiar elements like nouns or verbs, or employing entirely novel grammatical categories, perhaps akin to the way maps convey information.

Semantics, the third level, deals with meaning. Here, the problem of untranslatability arises. While some differences in meaning between human languages exist (e.g., the German word "Fernweh"), alien languages might present more fundamental challenges. If aliens perceive and categorize the world in fundamentally different ways, their language might express concepts we struggle to even grasp.

Despite these obstacles, communication may still be possible. Shared needs, such as describing the world or giving commands, could provide a basis for finding points of connection between alien and human languages. Pragmatics, the fourth level, concerns how language is used in context, including metaphors and social conventions. Differences at this level, particularly when combined with semantic differences, as illustrated by the Tamarian language in Star Trek: The Next Generation, can further complicate understanding.

Ultimately, contemplating the possibilities of alien communication pushes us to expand our understanding of language itself. It encourages us to move beyond our "anthropocentric bubble" and consider that alien languages might possess levels or structures we haven't yet imagined, potentially transforming our perspectives on consciousness, intelligence, and what it means to communicate.

Aeon, April 9th, 2025,(Adaptado)

Texto para a questão

Thirty-six is the new 60

A recent Finnish study, published in the Annals of Medicine, has drawn attention to the detrimental effects of unhealthy habits, revealing that heavy drinking, smoking, and lack of exercise are associated with declines in health in individuals as young as 36. This research tracked the health of children born in Jyväskylä, Finland, from 1959 onwards, indicating that these habits can cause cumulative damage to physical and mental health. While acknowledging the study's limitations, including its focus on a specific demographic and the exclusion of dietary factors, the core message emphasizes the importance of early intervention to address risky health behaviors. This prompts a broader reflection on personal health practices and the seeming paradox of facing agerelated health concerns at an age that once felt youthful.

This reflection is juxtaposed with the observation of a rising health consciousness among younger generations, particularly Gen Z, who are demonstrating a decline in traditional vices like smoking and embracing unique wellness trends often popularized through social media. It's considered whether this increased focus on hygiene and health is partly a consequence of pandemic culture, and questions arise about the implications for older individuals who may not have adopted these evolving health priorities. The conflicting messages surrounding healthy living contribute to uncertainty about the most effective path forward.

The conflicting information is particularly evident in discussions around alcohol consumption. While NHS guidance offers clear benefits for quitting smoking, such as reduced risks of heart attack and lung cancer, advice on alcohol is less definitive. A study in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology even suggests potential cardioprotective effects from white wine, champagne, and fruit, especially for individuals who are wealthy, well-educated, and active. This paradox adds to the uncertainty of navigating health recommendations and lifestyle choices.

Ultimately, many find themselves at a crossroads, weighing the potential risks and benefits of various lifestyle decisions and grappling with the complexities of conflicting health information. Nuanced perspectives on habits like alcohol consumption, which challenge traditional assumptions, further complicate the decision-making process. The ongoing debate underscores the broader challenge of making informed health decisions in an environment of evolving scientific understanding and contradictory advice.

Financial Times, May 3rd, 2025 (adaptado)

Texto para a questão

Extraterrestrial tongues

The challenge of imagining alien communication is highlighted in the film Arrival (2016), where linguists confront a language strikingly different from any on Earth. While fictional alien languages like Klingon (Star Trek) often resemble human languages with variations in sound or syntax, the possibilities for extraterrestrial tongues are far more diverse. To truly grasp the potential for alien linguistic systems, we must consider the fundamental components of language itself: signs, structure, semantics, and pragmatics.

The first level, signs, encompasses the means of expression, which could extend beyond spoken words and written symbols to include gestures, smells (as in animal communication), or even electrical impulses. Structure, the second level, involves the organization of language, including grammar and syntax. While we might initially assume alien languages would share structural similarities with our own, they could radically differ, potentially lacking familiar elements like nouns or verbs, or employing entirely novel grammatical categories, perhaps akin to the way maps convey information.

Semantics, the third level, deals with meaning. Here, the problem of untranslatability arises. While some differences in meaning between human languages exist (e.g., the German word "Fernweh"), alien languages might present more fundamental challenges. If aliens perceive and categorize the world in fundamentally different ways, their language might express concepts we struggle to even grasp.

Despite these obstacles, communication may still be possible. Shared needs, such as describing the world or giving commands, could provide a basis for finding points of connection between alien and human languages. Pragmatics, the fourth level, concerns how language is used in context, including metaphors and social conventions. Differences at this level, particularly when combined with semantic differences, as illustrated by the Tamarian language in Star Trek: The Next Generation, can further complicate understanding.

Ultimately, contemplating the possibilities of alien communication pushes us to expand our understanding of language itself. It encourages us to move beyond our "anthropocentric bubble" and consider that alien languages might possess levels or structures we haven't yet imagined, potentially transforming our perspectives on consciousness, intelligence, and what it means to communicate.

Aeon, April 9th, 2025,(Adaptado)

Texto para a questão

Extraterrestrial tongues

The challenge of imagining alien communication is highlighted in the film Arrival (2016), where linguists confront a language strikingly different from any on Earth. While fictional alien languages like Klingon (Star Trek) often resemble human languages with variations in sound or syntax, the possibilities for extraterrestrial tongues are far more diverse. To truly grasp the potential for alien linguistic systems, we must consider the fundamental components of language itself: signs, structure, semantics, and pragmatics.

The first level, signs, encompasses the means of expression, which could extend beyond spoken words and written symbols to include gestures, smells (as in animal communication), or even electrical impulses. Structure, the second level, involves the organization of language, including grammar and syntax. While we might initially assume alien languages would share structural similarities with our own, they could radically differ, potentially lacking familiar elements like nouns or verbs, or employing entirely novel grammatical categories, perhaps akin to the way maps convey information.

Semantics, the third level, deals with meaning. Here, the problem of untranslatability arises. While some differences in meaning between human languages exist (e.g., the German word "Fernweh"), alien languages might present more fundamental challenges. If aliens perceive and categorize the world in fundamentally different ways, their language might express concepts we struggle to even grasp.

Despite these obstacles, communication may still be possible. Shared needs, such as describing the world or giving commands, could provide a basis for finding points of connection between alien and human languages. Pragmatics, the fourth level, concerns how language is used in context, including metaphors and social conventions. Differences at this level, particularly when combined with semantic differences, as illustrated by the Tamarian language in Star Trek: The Next Generation, can further complicate understanding.

Ultimately, contemplating the possibilities of alien communication pushes us to expand our understanding of language itself. It encourages us to move beyond our "anthropocentric bubble" and consider that alien languages might possess levels or structures we haven't yet imagined, potentially transforming our perspectives on consciousness, intelligence, and what it means to communicate.

Aeon, April 9th, 2025,(Adaptado)