The first word in “Furthermore, the integration of new technologies” (4th par...

The first word in “Furthermore, the integration of new technologies” (4th paragraph) can be replaced, without significant change of meaning, by

Q1113811 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • FGV • NAV Brasil • Operador de Torre de Controle • 2026

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Read text I and answer the question that follow it.

TEXT I

The Growing Complexity of Airspace

The aviation industry has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years. The number of flights, both commercial and private, has surged, resulting in a more congested airspace. This increased traffic volume places immense strain on air traffic controllers, who must manage a complex web of aircraft movements with precision and efficiency.

Moreover, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) into the airspace adds another layer of complexity. While drones offer various benefits, their unregulated use poses significant risks to commercial aviation. Harmonizing the operations of manned and unmanned aircraft is a major challenge that requires careful consideration and robust regulations.

Despite advancements in aviation technology, the air traffic control system still relies heavily on outdated infrastructure and systems. Many air traffic control centers operate with aging equipment that is prone to failures and lacks the capacity to handle the increasing volume of traffic. This infrastructure gap can lead to delays, inefficiencies, and safety concerns.

Furthermore, the integration of new technologies, such as advanced automation and data analytics, has been slow. While these technologies hold the potential to revolutionize air traffic management, their implementation has been hindered by various factors, including cost, interoperability, and cybersecurity concerns.

Air traffic control is a high-pressure job that demands exceptional focus, decision-making skills, and situational awareness. While air traffic controllers undergo rigorous training, human error remains a significant risk factor. Factors such as fatigue, stress, and workload can contribute to mistakes that have serious consequences. […]

The increasing reliance on technology in the aviation industry has made it a prime target for cyberattacks. Air traffic control systems are critical infrastructure and must be protected from malicious actors. A successful cyberattack could have catastrophic consequences, including loss of life and economic damage. […]

Addressing the problems facing air traffic control requires a multi-faceted approach involving collaboration between government agencies, aviation industry stakeholders, and technology providers.

Adapted from https://birminghamjournal.co.uk/ problems-with-air-traffic-control-today/

The first word in “Furthermore, the integration of new technologies” (4th paragraph) can be replaced, without significant change of meaning, by

a) Nevertheless.
b) However.
c) Besides.
d) Still.
e) Yet.

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Marcos de Castro EQUIPE
22/08/2026 • 15:35

Nessa questão temos um texto que aborda especialmente os desafios enfrentados pelo controle de tráfego aéreo, como o aumento do número de voos, a entrada dos drones, limitações tecnológicas e o risco de ciberataques.

A pergunta pede para analisar o início do 4º parágrafo: “Furthermore, the integration of new technologies...”. Aqui, o termo 'Furthermore' normalmente é utilizado para adicionar informação, reforçando ou ampliando um ponto anterior. Saber identificar palavras ou expressões que têm sentido semelhante (sinônimos no contexto) é fundamental em provas de inglês.

Vamos analisar as alternativas:

a) Nevertheless: significa 'no entanto', 'mesmo assim'; usado para CONTRASTAR ideias, não para adicioná-las.
b) However: tem sentido parecido com 'nevertheless', ou seja, 'porém' – também introduz contraste.
c) Besides: usado para adicionar informações, algo como 'além disso' – muito próximo ao sentido de 'Furthermore'.
d) Still: mais usado para enfatizar continuidade ou contraste, do tipo 'ainda assim'.
e) Yet: também tem uma ideia de contraste, do tipo 'ainda', 'porém'.

Neste caso, a alternativa que mantém o sentido de adição, como o original, é a letra C (Besides), pois 'Furthermore' e 'Besides' significam algo como 'além disso', 'adicionalmente'.

Portanto, o gabarito é a letra c.

Questões sobre Palavras Conectivas Connective Words

1

Q1113836 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • VUNESP • Prefeitura de Peruíbe SP • Inglês • 2023
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Through practice and experience in an increasingly wide range of communicative contexts and events, learners gradually expand their communicative competence, consisting of grammatical competence, discourse competence, sociocultural competence and strategic competence. All these components are interrelated. An increase in one component interacts with other components to produce a corresponding increase in overall communicative competence.

Grammatical competence refers to sentence-level grammatical form, the ability to recognize the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonological feature of a language and to make use of these features to interpret and form words and whole sentences. One demonstrates grammatical competence not by stating a rule but by using a rule in the interpretation, expression or negotiation of meaning.

Discourse competence is concerned not with isolated words or phrases but with the interconnectedness of a series of utterances, written words and/or phrases to build a text, a meaningful whole. Two familiar concepts to talk about discourse competence are text coherence and cohesion. Text coherence is the relation of all sentences or utterances in a text to a single global proposition. Local connections or structural links between individual sentences provide cohesion. Sociocultural competence extends well beyond linguistic forms and is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry having to do with the social rules of language use.

Sociocultural competence requires an understanding of the social context where language is used: the roles of the participants, the information they share, and the function of the interation. And although we are far from an adequate description of sociocultural rules of appropriateness, we use them to communicate successfully in many different contexts of situation. Sociocultural competence also includes a willingness to suspend judgement and take into consideration the possibility of cultural differences in convention and use. Thus the importance of the term cultural flexibility or cultural awareness.

The ‘’ideal native speaker,’’ someone who knows a language perfectly and uses it appropriately in all social interactions, exists in theory only. None of us knows all there is to know of English in its many manifestations, both around the world and in our own backyards. Communicative competence is always relative. The coping strategies we use in unfamiliar contexts, with constraints due to imperfect knowledge of rules or limiting factors in their application such as fatigue or distraction, are represented as strategic competence. With practice and experience, we gain in grammatical, discourse, and socio-cultural competence. The relative importance of strategic competence thus decreases. However, the effective use of coping strategies is important for communicative competence in all contexts and distinguishes highly competent communicators from those who are less so.

(Sandra J. Savignon. Communicative language teaching for the
twenty-first century. IN: Marianne Celce-Murcia. Teaching English as a
second or foreign language. Boston, Massachusstes: Heinle&Heinle.
3rd edition. 2002. Adaptado)

In the sentence from the last paragraph, “None of us knows all there is to know of English in its many manifestations, both around the world and in our own backyards.”, the underlined cohesive device refers to
- a) no speaker of any language at all.
- b) people who study a language in its many manifestations.
- c) speakers of English as a native language.
- d) those who little know about the way a language works.
- e) those speakers of English as a second or foreign language.
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2

Q1113832 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • Ápice Consultoria • Prefeitura de Sobrado PB • Inglês • 2026
Analise o enunciado abaixo:
"The laboratory secured a substantial federal grant for its cutting-edge epidemiological research; moreover, the university state-of-the-art facility was fully integrated into the project."
O conector sublinhado estabelece uma relação semântica de:
- a) Concessão, equivalendo a nonetheless.
- b) Causa/Explicação, equivalendo a since.
- c) Adição/Continuidade, equivalendo a furthermore.
- d) Consequência/Resultado, equivalendo a henceforth.
- e) Condição, equivalendo a provided that.
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3

Q1113812 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • FGV • NAV Brasil • Operador de Torre de Controle • 2026
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Read text I and answer the question that follow it.

TEXT I
The Growing Complexity of Airspace
The aviation industry has witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years. The number of flights, both commercial and private, has surged, resulting in a more congested airspace. This increased traffic volume places immense strain on air traffic controllers, who must manage a complex web of aircraft movements with precision and efficiency.
Moreover, the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) into the airspace adds another layer of complexity. While drones offer various benefits, their unregulated use poses significant risks to commercial aviation. Harmonizing the operations of manned and unmanned aircraft is a major challenge that requires careful consideration and robust regulations.
Despite advancements in aviation technology, the air traffic control system still relies heavily on outdated infrastructure and systems. Many air traffic control centers operate with aging equipment that is prone to failures and lacks the capacity to handle the increasing volume of traffic. This infrastructure gap can lead to delays, inefficiencies, and safety concerns.
Furthermore, the integration of new technologies, such as advanced automation and data analytics, has been slow. While these technologies hold the potential to revolutionize air traffic management, their implementation has been hindered by various factors, including cost, interoperability, and cybersecurity concerns.
Air traffic control is a high-pressure job that demands exceptional focus, decision-making skills, and situational awareness. While air traffic controllers undergo rigorous training, human error remains a significant risk factor. Factors such as fatigue, stress, and workload can contribute to mistakes that have serious consequences. […]
The increasing reliance on technology in the aviation industry has made it a prime target for cyberattacks. Air traffic control systems are critical infrastructure and must be protected from malicious actors. A successful cyberattack could have catastrophic consequences, including loss of life and economic damage. […]
Addressing the problems facing air traffic control requires a multi-faceted approach involving collaboration between government agencies, aviation industry stakeholders, and technology providers.

Adapted from https://birminghamjournal.co.uk/ problems-with-air-traffic-control-today/

The phrase “such as” in “such as advanced automation and data analytics” (4th paragraph) signals a(n)
- a) concession.
- b) hesitation.
- c) condition.
- d) contrast.
- e) example.
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4

Q1113801 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • AMEOSC • Prefeitura de Palma Sola SC • Professor de Inglês • 2026
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Japan in the Ancient World

Japanese archaeologists divide the earliest part of Japanese history into four periods: the Paleolithic (preceramic) period, the Jomon (cord-marked pottery) period, the Yayoi period, and the Kofun (burial mound) period. Underlying this chronology, however, are two basic problems: First, who are the Japanese, and where did they come from? Second, how do the Japanese or "proto-Japanese" relate to the Ainu, a group of people who have resided in Japan since about 7500 B.C.E. but differ racially, culturally, and linguistically from modern Japanese in significant ways?

Paleolithic Japan (before 10,000 B.C.E.)

The Japanese islands have probably been occupied by humans for at least 30,000 years, if not longer. However, 10,000 years ago, Paleolithic Japan was a cooler place, and the sea level was 125 feet (38 meters) lower; therefore, some of the archaeological evidence of the earliest inhabitants is submerged. These hunters and gatherers, who had an extensive stone-tool inventory, most likely came to southern Japan through present-day Korea or to northern Japan from eastern Siberia, though there is abundant evidence of land connections to Asia at this time throughout the islands. It appears that the complete physical separation of the Japanese islands occurred only as recently as 18,000 to 12,000 years ago.

Jomon period (c. 10,000-c. 300 B.C.E.)

Starting about 13,000 years ago, when the Japanese climate began to warm, beautiful local pottery traditions—characterized by complex impressions made by twisted cords or sticks on the outside of pots before baking—abruptly appeared at various locales. Such ceramics eventually became commonplace throughout the islands. The Jomon people (named for this distinctive "cord-marked" ceramic style) were probably the direct descendants of the people of the previous Paleolithic traditions. They were very successful at hunting, fishing, and gathering, and because of the numerous rivers and rugged coastlines, they were largely sedentary. Shell mounds all over the islands indicate how extensively the ocean and rivers were exploited by Jomon people. The Jomon pottery eventually came to show distinctive regional styles, suggesting the existence of rather well-defined cultural groups and local folk traditions.

Yayoi (c. 300 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E.)

About two thousand years ago, a distinct break occurred in the archaeological record. In Kyushu, the southernmost main island of Japan, bronze from the Korean peninsula and a newer style of earthenware pottery appeared, and iron smelting was developed. These changes characterize the Yayoi period, named after the district in modern Tokyo where certain artifacts were first discovered. The Yayoi period also saw thebeginning of Japanese-style intensive irrigated wet-rice cultivation, which became the main means of subsistence for almost everyone on the islands. This agrarian rice-based economy—with basically the same kind of farming practices—would persist until Japan's westernization in the late nineteenth century.

However, controversy surrounds the origins of this culture. The Yayoi people may have come from overseas and replaced the earlier Jomon people (as evidenced by the presence of many new technologies from abroad). For many years, Japanese archaeologists have assumed this to be true, with the implication being that the Jomon people are the ancestors of modern Ainu, and modern Japanese are the descendants of those who migrated from the Asian mainland during the Yayoi and Kofun periods. However, a majority of archaeologists feel that the record probably indicates a gradual but direct continuity from Jomon people to early, but historically identifiable, Japanese, with any migration from the mainland blending in with the local cultures. In either case, by the end of the Yayoi period, certain institutional structures were in place—a division of labor, the accumulation of prestige and luxury goods by particular individuals, and the rise of complex political organizations—which created a more stratified society, allowing for the development of a full-fledged Japanese state in the Kofun period.

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/japan-ancient-world

Read the excerpt below:

"However, 10,000 years ago, Paleolithic Japan was a cooler place, and the sea level was 125 feet (38 meters) lower; therefore, some of the archaeological evidence ofthe earliest inhabitants is submerged."
The relation among "however," "therefore" and "some" indicates that the author:
- a) Presents a cause, adds an example and confirms that all evidence from Paleolithic Japan has disappeared.
- b) Establishes chronological sequence, introduces opposition and proves that submerged evidence is unrelated to sea-level change.
- c) Uses informal markers to express personal opinion and to question the validity of archaeological research.
- d) Introduces a contrast, establishes a consequence and avoids overgeneralization about the archaeological evidence.
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5

Q1113751 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • VUNESP • Prefeitura de Jundiaí SP • Inglês • 2025
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Some History of English... in two words

In 1582, Richard Mulcaster, headmaster of the Merchant Tailors’ school1 wrote that “our English tung is of small reatch, it stretcheth no further than this Iland of ours”. It didn’t stay that way. Today, English is spoken by more than a billion people all over the world. It is a colourful, vibrant and diverse tongue, that long has picked up words from the many languages with which its speakers have come into contact.

One such word is Dictionary. It is a borrowing from medieval Latin dictionarius liber “book of words”; it first appeared in English in the 16th century, along with numerous adoptions from Latin and Greek.

Dr Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although the most famous, is not the earliest; the first English dictionary was Robert Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall (1604). Unlike a modern desk dictionary, Cawdrey set out to gloss only the most unfamiliar words, such as deambulate, pactation, and refractarie – whose meanings would have caused problems for those not educated in Latin and Greek.

Another such word is Emoji2 , originally developed in Japan in the 1990s for use by teenagers on their pagers; the word emoji derives from the Japanese e “picture” + moji “character, letter”. Its successful integration into English has been helped by its similarity to words with the e-“electronic” prefix, such as e-mail and e-book. E-communication is a form of writing that resembles casual conversation more than formal prose, often situated in real time with a known recipient, but lacking the extra-linguistic cues such as facial expression, tone of voice, hand gestures, that help to convey attitude in face-toface interactions, and users are finding creative new ways to employ emojis.

(https://theconversation.com/Adaptado. Acesso em 18.08.2015)

1 a public school for 11-18 year olds, founded in 1561 in London just for boys back then.
2 iconic, visual representation of an idea, entity, feeling, status or event used alongside or instead of words in digital messaging. The plural form in English is either emoji or emojis.

No início do quarto parágrafo, “Dr Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although the most famous, is not the earliest;”, a palavra destacada pode ser substituída, sem alteração de significado ou estrutura, por
- a) despite.
- b) because.
- c) while.
- d) unless.
- e) besides.
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6

Q1113741 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • VUNESP • CIJUN SP • Analista de TI Junior Infraestrutura e Serviços de Rede • 2023
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Advantages of wireless technology
Wireless communications offer several cost and connectivity benefits for organizations. The rapid rise of remote work – fuelled in part by the pandemic that began in 2020 – has created an environment where employees demand high-performance access to network resources regardless of where they might be.
Wireless networks can be less expensive to build and maintain since they require fewer switches and other components required by wired infrastructures. New wireless standards – especially among them multiuser, multiple input and multiple output – enable physical Access Points (APs) to serve a greater number of users, further reducing costs.
Wireless technologies also support novel services, among them location tracking, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments and remote diagnostics. Finally, advances in wireless performance enable organizations to stress mobility as a primary benefit, thus helping them redefine how they design their offices and workgroups.
(www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wireless. Adaptado)

No trecho do terceiro parágrafo “thus helping them redefine how they design their offices and workgroups”, o termo destacado em negrito equivale, em português, a
- a) mesmo assim.
- b) desse modo.
- c) apesar de.
- d) conforme.
- e) desde que.
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7

Q1113740 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • VUNESP • CIJUN SP • Analista de TI Junior Infraestrutura e Serviços de Rede • 2023
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Advantages of wireless technology
Wireless communications offer several cost and connectivity benefits for organizations. The rapid rise of remote work – fuelled in part by the pandemic that began in 2020 – has created an environment where employees demand high-performance access to network resources regardless of where they might be.
Wireless networks can be less expensive to build and maintain since they require fewer switches and other components required by wired infrastructures. New wireless standards – especially among them multiuser, multiple input and multiple output – enable physical Access Points (APs) to serve a greater number of users, further reducing costs.
Wireless technologies also support novel services, among them location tracking, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments and remote diagnostics. Finally, advances in wireless performance enable organizations to stress mobility as a primary benefit, thus helping them redefine how they design their offices and workgroups.
(www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wireless. Adaptado)

No trecho do segundo parágrafo “Wireless networks can be less expensive to build and maintain since they require fewer switches and other components”, o termo destacado em negrito introduz
- a) uma consequência.
- b) um contraste.
- c) uma alternativa.
- d) um exemplo.
- e) uma causa.
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8

Q1103154 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • CESPE CEBRASPE • Câmara dos Deputados • Especialidade Policial Legislativo Federal • 2026
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The role of the police in a healthy democracy is radically different from their role in authoritarian societies. In autocratic regimes, the police serve mainly to protect not the people, but the regime. The police are therefore typically politicized, with appointments being part of the patronage system that rewards regime loyalists. Police officers spend a great deal of time spying on the populace to unmask political opposition; crime against citizens is less of a concern. Abuse and corruption are usually rife, because police are not held accountable for their actions. Rather, political leaders tolerate abuses by the police in return for police loyalty to the regime.

By contrast, in democratic societies the primary mission of the police is to protect citizens against crime and disorder, including illegal or corrupt behavior by officials. In democracies, police have carefully circumscribed roles that require close and positive relations with ordinary citizens. The use of arms and pursuit of criminals are rare and take up only a tiny fraction of police time. Instead, police officers spend the vast bulk of their time building relationships with the community through patrols, community-enhancing activities, and listening to citizens. The goal of democratic policing is to build a web of relationships between the community and the police that helps to control crime by making police aware of the persons and activities in the communities that they are assigned to protect and by inclining citizens to trust and cooperate with police. This also achieves the primary goal of making citizens feel secure in their daily activities, thereby fostering a climate that encourages increased legitimate business activity, investment, and planning for the future.

Michael D. Wiatrowski and Jack A. Goldstone. The ballot and the badge: democratic policing. In: Journal
of Democracy, Volume 21, Number 2. Internet: <muse.jhu.edu> (adapted).

Concerning the previous text, judge the following items.

The words “Rather” (last sentence of the first paragraph) and “Instead” (fourth sentence of the second paragraph) could be used interchangeably in the text without this making it incoherent.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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Q1097449 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • CESPE CEBRASPE • Câmara dos Deputados • Especialidade Policial Legislativo Federal • 2026
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The security risks faced by Parliaments, legislatures, elected representatives, and the officials who support them, differ greatly according to their evolving national and local circumstances, among other things. For some, the biggest security risks may stem from disruptive protesters and cyber criminals, but terrorism may pose the most concerning risks for others. In fact, threat actors differ enormously in their intentions and capabilities, which also change over time.

Given that risk is a product of threat, vulnerability, and impact, it follows that ultimately there are only three ways to reduce security risk — namely, by reducing the threat, reducing the vulnerability, or reducing the impact (or some combination thereof). Reducing the threat element of security risk is difficult, especially in the case of determined and capable threat actors. Responsibility for reducing threats tends to lie mainly with national law enforcement, security, and intelligence agencies. That said, parliaments and other organisations can contribute to threat reduction through deterrence — in other words, by influencing the intentions of threat actors. Carefully crafted security-minded communications can convey a discouraging message to potential attackers, to the effect that they should expect to confront professional security measures and face a substantial risk of being caught. For instance, a parliamentary website might advertise that visitors will undergo ‘airport-style screening’, without explaining precisely what that entails. The public should be reassured by such message, whereas some threat actors might be deterred.

Paul Martin. Parliamentary security: an introductory guide.
Internet: <www.cpahq.org>(adapted).

Considering the preceding text, judge the following item.

n the second paragraph, both “Given that”, in “Given that risk is a product of threat”, and “to the effect that”, in “can convey a discouraging message to potential attackers, to the effect that they should expect to confront professional security measures” can be respectively replaced with Because and because without this changing the original meaning of the text.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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10

Q1081884 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • AMAUC • Prefeitura de Seara SC • Edital n 1 • 2025
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O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.

Humanoid Robots in Hotels Stir Curiosity and Concern as Global Use Expands

Hotels around the world are increasingly embracing humanoid robots at check-in desks, lobby information points, and even for room service, but the trend is raising eyebrows among guests, researchers and hoteliers alike.

Last week, a viral TikTok video fromTokyo's Henn-na Hotel showed a startled guest stepping back from a humanoid check-in robot. As the machine offered instructions, she stammered, "Don't look at me," a moment that highlights discomfort with robots that mimic—but fail to fully replicate—human behavior. The reaction reflects the classic "uncanny valley" phenomenon, where lifelike machines produce a sense of unease, rather than delight.

Indeed, Henn-na itself has scaled back on its robot deployment: it retired more than half of its original roster of 240 androids by 2019, citing technical glitches and guest complaints. Still, not all experiences are negative. A 2023 survey from Boutique Hotelier found 61% of travelers had favorable reactions to service robots, even if nearly 29% admitted to feeling afraid to approach one.

Investment in hospitality robotics continues to escalate. The global market, valued at approximately $567 million in 2023, is projected to reach $2.2 billion by 2030, with a CAGR near 21.5%. While humanoid receptionists earn the spotlight, many hotels are quietly deploying delivery, luggage-handling, cleaning, and disinfection robots to streamline operations without overshadowing guests.

Major chains have taken note. Marriott and Hilton use Relay and Savioke robots to deliver amenities to guest rooms. Aloft and IHG properties in Asia deploy concierge bots like Connie, powered by IBM Watson. Meanwhile, Mandarin Oriental Las Vegas introduced a version of "Pepper" in 2017 as a lobby greeter, but today it fulfills more of an entertainment role than a functional one.

These varied experiments point to a shifting hospitality mindset. Robots are increasingly seen not as novelties, but as efficiency tools. In many properties, housekeeping tasks are now scheduled via AI-driven work order platforms, predictive maintenance prevents broken door locks before guests arrive, and dynamic pricing engines optimize revenue. Humanoid robots often serve as marketing headlines, while automation remains the real operational focus.

Henn-na's evolution encapsulates this balance. Opened in 2015 in Nagasaki and later franchising globally, the hotel scaled back after staffing and function issues became clear. Today, human staff handle most tasks, with robots reserved for novelty greetings and sample deliveries in select areas. The hybrid model highlights that technology is best embraced when it supports—not replaces—hospitality staff.

Engineers are working to soften the uncanny valley. SoftBank Robotics' latest machines, for instance, sport smoother motions, improved speech recognition, and context-aware gestures. Bt. Robotics, another emerging player, is working to enhance robots' ability to recognize individual guests and understand local cultural cues—a step toward more personalized service.

However, UC Berkeley roboticist Ken Goldberg's old adage still rings true: people are most comfortable when robots look and behave like robots. In hospitality, that means using bots to lift luggage, sanitize rooms, or whisk away towels, while leaving emotional intelligence to human staff. Technology can take on repetitive or hazardous tasks, but empathy and problem-solving remain firmly in the human domain.

That said, humanoid robots aren't disappearing. High-end resorts and tech-forward properties continue experimenting with sophisticated bots as part of their experience narrative. In South Korea, luxury hotels feature robot butlers that can draw a bath or set room ambiance. In China, hotel robots perform room service duties while broadcasting real-time translation for foreign guests.

The challenge for the industry lies in aligning form with function. A futuristic check-in robot may attract press, but if it breaks down mid-shift or stares blankly at guests, the novelty becomes irritation. Meanwhile, back-of-house bots that reliably deliver water bottles—or prevent maintenance issues—create consistent value that can actually enhance service quality.

Looking ahead, hoteliers who thoughtfully combine robotics and human labor with precision and purpose will lead the field. They will use robots not to replace staff, but to elevate them—by making service smoother, freeing human employees to engage deeper with guests, and resetting expectations of what hospitality can be in the contactless age.

https://hoteltechnologynews.com/2025/07/humanoid-robots-in-hotels-sti r-curiosity-and-concern-as-global-use-expands/

The word "However" at the beginning of the paragraph "However, UC Berkeley roboticist Ken Goldberg's old adage..." serves as:
- a) Contrastive marker introducing an opposing viewpoint to the previous technological optimism.
- b) Temporal marker indicating chronological sequence between events.
- c) Additive marker providing additional supporting information to previous claims.
- d) Exemplification marker introducing specific instances of general concepts.
- e) Causal marker establishing cause-and-effect relationships between robotic developments.
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The first word in “Furthermore, the integration of new technologies” (4th paragraph) can be replaced, without significant change of meaning, by

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