Mark the option that completes the text correctly. By the time the...

Mark the option that completes the text correctly. By the time the tugboat finally _____________,the othervessel ____________for two hours. The Captainlater _____________that if the engi...


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New Al System could prevent vessel collisions by reducing dependence on ship Captain


Researchers at Texas A&M University have created an intelligent Al system that can help prevent accidents and collisions at sea. Named 'Ship Collision Avoidance of Machine Learning and Radar Technology for Stationary Entities and Avoidance', or SMART-SEA, the platform works to decrease the dependence on ship captains.


The project team was led by Dr Mirjan Fürth, an assistant professor of ocean engineering, who was awarded a contract by the US Department of the Interior (DOI) and the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the Ocean Energy Safety Institute (OESI). It is not completely an autonomous system, rather it provides 'a human-in-theloop', who gives real-time instructions based on maritime traffic,weather and other factors.


This makes navigation safer and easier for the crew, transiting crucial or dangerous waterways by providing additional information and instructions. Collisions between vessels and accidents like ships hitting stationary structures like rigs or lighthouses are becoming common, and most are caused by human error. This Al system will help eliminate that, stated the project team.


Massive vessels have a lot of forward momentum that their shipping distances are measured in miles rather than metres. They also turn very slowly, meaning that any collision has to factor in this slow movement while also adjusting for sensor time lags, ocean current impacts and several other factors.


The Al system has been developed keeping all the above-mentioned factors in mind and is extremely accurate. The research team also said that the system combines raw radar imaging data with machine learning, enabling it to identify moving objects even in bad weather with limited visibility.


The machine learning algorithm detects stationary objects as well from a large distance. The system uses computational fluid dynamics models and machine learning, which have been previously trained on vessel motions, the team added. The system does all of this while complying with International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS).


(From: <https://www.marineinsight.com/.../new-ai-systemcould.../>)
Mark the option that completes the text correctly.

By the time the tugboat finally _____________,the othervessel ____________for two hours. The Captainlater _____________that if the engine had failed earlier,the grounding _____________ .
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  • David Castilho
    David Castilho EQUIPE
    24/09/2026 • 10:02
    Essa questão é um clássico de gramática contextual e revisão de tempos verbais em inglês, trabalhando com o uso do past perfect, past perfect continuous, past simple e condicional em frases relacionadas a eventos passados e suas consequências hipotéticas.

    O enunciado apresenta uma situação temporal: 'By the time the tugboat finally...', que indica um ponto no passado em que algo aconteceu. Antes desse momento, outra ação estava em andamento. Quando falamos de uma ação que ocorre antes de outra no passado, geralmente usamos o past perfect ou o past perfect continuous.

    Vejamos passo a passo as lacunas:

    1) 'By the time the tugboat finally _____________' – aqui, a chegada do rebocador é o evento em um ponto no passado; usa-se o past simple 'arrived', que é mais comum após 'by the time'. O uso do past perfect 'had arrived' não é errado, mas neste tipo de construção o past simple é típico.

    2) 'the other vessel ____________ for two hours.' – a outra embarcação estava segurando (ou mantendo a posição) por um período anterior à chegada do rebocador, então aqui o past perfect continuous 'had been holding' é o mais adequado para enfatizar a duração da ação anterior.

    3) 'The Captain later _____________ that...' – uma declaração realizada posteriormente, então o passado simples 'explained' é adequado.

    4) 'if the engine had failed earlier, the grounding _____________ .' – é uma condição irreal no passado (condicional tipo 3), então a estrutura correta é 'would have been avoided' no condicional perfeito.

    Analisando as opções, opção e) 'arrived / had been holding / explained / would have been avoided' corresponde exatamente a essa análise gramatical correta.

    Portanto, a alternativa correta é a letra e.
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