The expressions from the first paragraph “could have been” and “would have ha...

The expressions from the first paragraph “could have been” and “would have had” help understand that, as to exclusively virtual instruction in U.S. universities and colleges,

Q681018 • Inglês • FGV • FGV • Primeiro Dia • 2020

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It wasn’t the first attempt to deter foreign students, but it could have been the most disruptive. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency sought to bar visas for international students at colleges that offer only virtual instruction. Students on existing visas would have had to transfer to a school that offers at least some in-person teaching if they wanted to remain in the U.S.

The policy swiftly brought together a broad coalition of colleges, states and businesses that opposed it. “The overwhelming negative reaction to this proposal in a very short period of time shows that the administration really struck a nerve with this,” says Terry Hartle, from the American Council on Education. “It’s unprecedented for that many colleges and universities to file suit against the federal government.”

(Bloomberg Businessweek, 20.07.2020. Adapted.)

The expressions from the first paragraph “could have been” and “would have had” help understand that, as to exclusively virtual instruction in U.S. universities and colleges,

a) the government has backed down from its proposal to bar visas for foreign students.
b) the barrier against international students is still a possibility.
c) foreign students have no alternative but to transfer to a new school.
d) impeding foreign students to attend school in the U.S. will disrupt their lives.
e) the veto of the proposal resulted from coordinated action by colleges, states and the police.

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Questões de Inglês

1

Q1149555 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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General observation suggests that it is those who start to learn English after their school years who are most likely to have serious difficulties in acquiring intelligible pronunciation, with the degree of difficulty increasing markedly with age. This difficulty has nothing to do with intelligence or level of education, or even with knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary.
Of course, there is no simple answer to why pronunciation is so difficult to learn — indeed, there is a whole range of theoretical perspectives on the question. What is generally accepted among psycholinguists and phonologists who specialized in this area is that the difficulty in learning to pronounce a foreign language is cognitive rather than physical, and that it has something to do with the way “raw sound” is categorized or conceptualized in using speech.
Many learners of English as a second language have major difficulties with English pronunciation even after years of learning the language. This often results in them facing difficulties in areas such as finding employment. Up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, not vocabulary or grammar.

A. Gilakjani and M. Ahmadi. Why is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn? In: English LanguageTeaching, Vol. 4, No. 3. Richmond Hill: Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2011 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
Pronunciation plays a greater role in limiting communication for EFL/ESL speakers than other aspects of language.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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2

Q1149554 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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General observation suggests that it is those who start to learn English after their school years who are most likely to have serious difficulties in acquiring intelligible pronunciation, with the degree of difficulty increasing markedly with age. This difficulty has nothing to do with intelligence or level of education, or even with knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary.
Of course, there is no simple answer to why pronunciation is so difficult to learn — indeed, there is a whole range of theoretical perspectives on the question. What is generally accepted among psycholinguists and phonologists who specialized in this area is that the difficulty in learning to pronounce a foreign language is cognitive rather than physical, and that it has something to do with the way “raw sound” is categorized or conceptualized in using speech.
Many learners of English as a second language have major difficulties with English pronunciation even after years of learning the language. This often results in them facing difficulties in areas such as finding employment. Up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, not vocabulary or grammar.

A. Gilakjani and M. Ahmadi. Why is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn? In: English LanguageTeaching, Vol. 4, No. 3. Richmond Hill: Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2011 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
According to the text, the difficulty in acquiring intelligible pronunciation in English grows slightly with time.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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3

Q1149553 • Inglês • Adjetivos Adjectives • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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General observation suggests that it is those who start to learn English after their school years who are most likely to have serious difficulties in acquiring intelligible pronunciation, with the degree of difficulty increasing markedly with age. This difficulty has nothing to do with intelligence or level of education, or even with knowledge of English grammar and vocabulary.
Of course, there is no simple answer to why pronunciation is so difficult to learn — indeed, there is a whole range of theoretical perspectives on the question. What is generally accepted among psycholinguists and phonologists who specialized in this area is that the difficulty in learning to pronounce a foreign language is cognitive rather than physical, and that it has something to do with the way “raw sound” is categorized or conceptualized in using speech.
Many learners of English as a second language have major difficulties with English pronunciation even after years of learning the language. This often results in them facing difficulties in areas such as finding employment. Up to a certain proficiency standard, the fault which most severely impairs the communication process in EFL/ESL learners is pronunciation, not vocabulary or grammar.

A. Gilakjani and M. Ahmadi. Why is Pronunciation So Difficult to Learn? In: English LanguageTeaching, Vol. 4, No. 3. Richmond Hill: Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2011 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
The fragment “most likely” (first paragraph) is an example of the superlative form.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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4

Q1149552 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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The history of language study illustrates widely divergent attitudes concerning the relationship between writing and speech. Written language was the medium of literature, and, thus, a source of standards of linguistic excellence. It was felt to provide language with permanence and authority. The rules of grammar were, accordingly, illustrated exclusively from written texts.
The everyday spoken language, by contrast, was ignored or condemned as an object unworthy of study, demonstrating only lack of care and organization. It was said to have no rules, and speakers were left under the illusion that, in order to “speak properly”, it was necessary to follow the “correct” norms, as laid down in the recognized grammar books and manuals of written style.
There was sporadic criticism of this viewpoint throughout the 19th century, but it was not until the 20th century that an alternative approach became widespread. This approach pointed out that speech is many thousands of years older than writing; that it develops naturally in children (whereas writing has to be artificially taught); and that writing systems are derivative — mostly based on sounds of speech.

D. Crystal. How Language Works. London: Penguin Books, 2006 (adapted).

Based on the previous text, judge the following item.
According to the text, it used to be believed that the everyday spoken language is too anarchic to be used as the basis for grammar.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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5

Q1149551 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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The history of language study illustrates widely divergent attitudes concerning the relationship between writing and speech. Written language was the medium of literature, and, thus, a source of standards of linguistic excellence. It was felt to provide language with permanence and authority. The rules of grammar were, accordingly, illustrated exclusively from written texts.
The everyday spoken language, by contrast, was ignored or condemned as an object unworthy of study, demonstrating only lack of care and organization. It was said to have no rules, and speakers were left under the illusion that, in order to “speak properly”, it was necessary to follow the “correct” norms, as laid down in the recognized grammar books and manuals of written style.
There was sporadic criticism of this viewpoint throughout the 19th century, but it was not until the 20th century that an alternative approach became widespread. This approach pointed out that speech is many thousands of years older than writing; that it develops naturally in children (whereas writing has to be artificially taught); and that writing systems are derivative — mostly based on sounds of speech.

D. Crystal. How Language Works. London: Penguin Books, 2006 (adapted).

Based on the previous text, judge the following item.
The expression “this viewpoint” (third paragraph) refers to the idea that spoken language should follow the same rules as written language to be correct.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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6

Q1149550 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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Whatever training is given there should always be a permanent concern about the naturalness and spontaneity of everyday speech rather than an artificial sound production for the sake of preserving a “correct” pronunciation.
This is, in fact, a crucial issue, since if too much care is demanded from the student, this may turn out to be an undesirable blockage to another more important factor, namely, fluency. Perhaps, and even worse, if over-careful pronunciation habits are developed, this will certainly cause difficulties for the oral comprehension, as the students will expect to hear sounds, words and utterances the way they personally produce them.

G.A. Chauvet. Improve Your Pronunciation. Brasília:

Editora Universidade de Brasília, 2005 (adapted).

Based on the previous text, judge the following item.
According to the text, excessive demands with regard to pronunciation can inhibit fluency.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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7

Q1149549 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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Teachers sometimes assume that more outgoing learners will be able to learn pronunciation better than shyer students, and there may be some truth to this. Confident students might speak more and be more willing to try new sounds, and this extra practice could help them improve their pronunciation. However, this improvement is certainly not guaranteed. Some outgoing students may be producing a lot of language, but they may also be jumping ahead without paying attention to the accuracy of their pronunciation. If listeners are impressed by their fluency and accept their imperfect pronunciation, they have no way to know that they need to improve.
Some more introverted students might actually be thinking carefully about sounds and practicing “within themselves,” even if they don’t speak much in class. Don’t underestimate the quiet students. Appreciate the strengths and possibilities of all your students and encourage everyone. All students can learn and improve in their own way.
Another aspect of personality that can affect pronunciation is the degree to which a person is willing or able to change the way they sound. Most of us have been speaking and listening to language in the same, familiar way since we learned to talk. Our voice and our pronunciation are a central part of the way we see ourselves. It can be uncomfortable, and possibly even frightening, to try out unfamiliar sounds and melodies of language. For some people this process seems like a small bump on the road, but for others, it’s a serious roadblock.

M.T. Yoshida. Beyond Repeat After Me: Teaching Pronunciation to

English Learners. Alexandria: TESOL Press, 2016 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
According to the text, speaking more, and thus practicing more, does not necessarily lead to improvement.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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8

Q1149548 • Inglês • Interpretação de Texto Reading Comprehension • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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Teachers sometimes assume that more outgoing learners will be able to learn pronunciation better than shyer students, and there may be some truth to this. Confident students might speak more and be more willing to try new sounds, and this extra practice could help them improve their pronunciation. However, this improvement is certainly not guaranteed. Some outgoing students may be producing a lot of language, but they may also be jumping ahead without paying attention to the accuracy of their pronunciation. If listeners are impressed by their fluency and accept their imperfect pronunciation, they have no way to know that they need to improve.
Some more introverted students might actually be thinking carefully about sounds and practicing “within themselves,” even if they don’t speak much in class. Don’t underestimate the quiet students. Appreciate the strengths and possibilities of all your students and encourage everyone. All students can learn and improve in their own way.
Another aspect of personality that can affect pronunciation is the degree to which a person is willing or able to change the way they sound. Most of us have been speaking and listening to language in the same, familiar way since we learned to talk. Our voice and our pronunciation are a central part of the way we see ourselves. It can be uncomfortable, and possibly even frightening, to try out unfamiliar sounds and melodies of language. For some people this process seems like a small bump on the road, but for others, it’s a serious roadblock.

M.T. Yoshida. Beyond Repeat After Me: Teaching Pronunciation to

English Learners. Alexandria: TESOL Press, 2016 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
It can be inferred from the text that our identity is partly tied to the way we speak.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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9

Q1149547 • Inglês • Palavras Conectivas Connective Words • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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Teachers sometimes assume that more outgoing learners will be able to learn pronunciation better than shyer students, and there may be some truth to this. Confident students might speak more and be more willing to try new sounds, and this extra practice could help them improve their pronunciation. However, this improvement is certainly not guaranteed. Some outgoing students may be producing a lot of language, but they may also be jumping ahead without paying attention to the accuracy of their pronunciation. If listeners are impressed by their fluency and accept their imperfect pronunciation, they have no way to know that they need to improve.
Some more introverted students might actually be thinking carefully about sounds and practicing “within themselves,” even if they don’t speak much in class. Don’t underestimate the quiet students. Appreciate the strengths and possibilities of all your students and encourage everyone. All students can learn and improve in their own way.
Another aspect of personality that can affect pronunciation is the degree to which a person is willing or able to change the way they sound. Most of us have been speaking and listening to language in the same, familiar way since we learned to talk. Our voice and our pronunciation are a central part of the way we see ourselves. It can be uncomfortable, and possibly even frightening, to try out unfamiliar sounds and melodies of language. For some people this process seems like a small bump on the road, but for others, it’s a serious roadblock.

M.T. Yoshida. Beyond Repeat After Me: Teaching Pronunciation to

English Learners. Alexandria: TESOL Press, 2016 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
In the sentence “Most of us have been speaking and listening to language in the same, familiar way since we learned to talk” (third paragraph), the word “since” could be correctly replaced with as long as.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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10

Q1149546 • Inglês • Verbos Verbs • CESPE CEBRASPE • SEDUC AL • Inglês • 2021
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The role of pronunciation in non-native language teaching has been in a state of constant change. In the earlier approaches, foreign language pronunciation was either the result of exposure to the target language or of approaches which used complex sets of drills and repetitions. As suggested, to a large extent, the importance of pronunciation has always been determined by ideology and intuition rather than by research. Teachers have intuitively decided which features have the greatest effect on clarity and which are learnable in a classroom setting. Saito claims that while the morphological and syntactical levels of languages are taught in contextualized meaningful exercises, pronunciation practice is decontextualized due to the use of drills and repetition.
Pronunciation is one of the aspects of language both native and non-native teachers of English are not keen on teaching, and a lack of adequate teacher training results in an intuitive use of available materials and techniques. Setting pedagogical goals must be based on knowledge of pronunciation issues. Unqualified teachers may have misconceptions about phonological phenomena, cannot evaluate or use teaching materials accurately, and do not set realistic goals when teaching pronunciation. Furthermore, even teaching materials do not reflect the conclusions of current research, and they can be perceived as boring; however, Baker argues that teachers who complete a pronunciation course have, and apply, a wider range of pronunciation activities in their classrooms.

H. Vančová. Current Issues in Pronunciation Teaching to Non-Native Learners of English.

In: Journal of Language and Cultural Education, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2019 (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.
In “Unqualified teachers may have misconceptions about phonological phenomena” (second paragraph), the word “may” could be correctly replaced with might.
- a) Certo
- b) Errado
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