No que se refere a aspectos dos regimes fascistas e dos regimes autoritários, julgue o item subsequente.
Segundo Hobsbawm, o desaparecimento das poupanças e as grandes inflações pouco contribuíram para o florescimento do fascismo na Europa central.
Questões de Concursos
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No que se refere a aspectos dos regimes fascistas e dos regimes autoritários, julgue o item subsequente.
Quando Hobsbawm denomina os fascistas de revolucionários da contrarrevolução, ele chama a atenção para a natureza paradoxal e complexa das estratégias e dos fins dos fascistas: para defender ideais reacionários, eles adotavam métodos que podiam ser considerados, no contexto, revolucionários.
Julgue o item seguinte, relativo às perspectivas norteadoras das finalidades propostas para a ciência geográfica.
O determinismo geográfico, embora ultrapassado, foi a primeira corrente a incorporar o conceito de “gêneros de vida” para explicar a adaptação das sociedades ao meio físico, com base na diversidade cultural como elemento central de análise.
A dívida externa de um país é um indicador importante que expressa as relações econômicas dele com credores estrangeiros. O Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), em seu papel de monitorar a liquidez e a solvência externa do sistema financeiro global e zelar por sua estabilidade, utiliza alguns indicadores para avaliar uma possível necessidade de fornecer assistência financeira ou mesmo de recomendar políticas.
Em relação aos indicadores de liquidez e de solvência externa, julgue o item que se segue.
Quanto maior for a relação entre a dívida externa e o produto interno bruto de um país, maior será seu risco de inadimplência.
Acerca da transição da economia cafeeira para a economia industrial no Brasil, julgue o item que se segue.
A pauta da produção industrial no fim do século XIX era focada, basicamente, nas máquinas voltadas ao cultivo de café, que era a principal atividade econômica no período.
Texto para la cuestione.
Verso y prosa
El verso
Entre la realidad y la prosa se alza el verso, con todas las ventajas del jugador de ajedrez y ninguno de sus extravagantes cuadros. Ni siquiera el soneto, tan recogido él, tan cruzado de brazos. Pues alguien lo acantiló, lo precipitó por dentro, abombando sus límites para que una historia completa cupiera en una palabra tan triste como ésta. Es el verso sin sonido, el verso por sí mismo, sonando siempre que se le tacta con la boca, caso curioso del subsonido, pero evidente y prolongado.
Duerme la rosa, el soldado y sus predecesores. La poesía sólo aspira a esto, a ser presente sin fábula, puro verso sostenido con una mano en el día siguiente. La rosa puede seguir aquí, dejadla hasta que termine de moverse, es una realidad, al fin y al cabo, contradictoria: una tradición al tiempo, un poco de polvo iluminado.
El verso es distinto, ni realidad encogida ni prosa en exceso descalabrada, de un solo verso nacen multitud de paréntesis, soldados y otras cuestiones.
Respetemos al niño que berrea, a los poetas de antes de la guerra, ignoro a cual me refiero porque todas trajeron multitud de vates nuevos, mesas redondas y una causa que permanece aún en entredicho, la paz, ante todas las cosas.
Para algo ha de servir un renglón, acto seguido de muchas obras públicas, una revolución tal vez aunque todavía desconozcamos la forma de abordarla.
Poesía y palabra
Sabido es que hay dos tipos de escritura, la hablada y la libresca. Si no se debe escribir como se habla, tampoco resulta conveniente escribir como no se habla. El Góngora de lasSoledadesnos lleva a los distados de Teresa de Cepeda. Sin ir tan lejos, la palabra necesita respiro, y la imprenta se torna de pronto el alguacil que emprisiona las palabras entre rejas de líneas. Porque el poeta es el juglar o no es nada. Un artesano de lindas jaulas para jilgueros disecados.
El disco, la cinta magnetofónica, la guitarra o la radio y la televisión pueden — podrían: y más la propia voz directa — rescatar al verso de la galera del libro y hacer que las palabras suenen libres, vivas, con dispuesta espontaneidad. Mientras haya en el mundo una palabra cualquiera, habrá poesía. Que los temas son cada día más ricos y acuciantes.
Qué será de la poesía
Esperamos la palabra. La puerta de metal, alta, se entreabre sola, descangayada entre la turbia luz del alba. ¿Adónde conduce esta puerta? Es el espejo de una gran fábrica, de plástico azul y vidrio amarillento. No. Hemos penetrado en la ciudad derramada por entre extensas áreas verdes, circunvalada por anchurosa pista de chicle candeal. Tampoco. (Pero esperábamos la palabra.) Estamos en el campo sembrado de máquinas, en la lejanía pespuntea la blanca central hidroeléctrica de 6.700.000 no me acuerdo. Los hombres de la ciudad, de la fábrica, el campo. (¿Y el hombre?) Esperamos la palabra.
Cinematógrafos, televisión, revistas ilustradas, periódicos como escombro… (¿Qué es poesía?) Y esperamos la palabra. (Porque no ha muerto) La palabra precisa, universal, y al mismo tiempo imprevisible. ¿Qué ritmo la mueve, qué vocablos la colman, de qué sintaxis se sirve?
Esperamos ante la puerta, apenas entreabierta. Habrá que empujar.
Blas de Otero. Verso y prosa.
El verso
es el origen de múltiples asuntos.
Bem antes que tentassem me convencer que a data de nascimento da modernidade era um espirro cartesiano, ou então um novo interesse empírico pela natureza que transpira das páginas do Novum Organum de Bacon, ou ainda (mais tarde e mais “marxista”) a abertura dos primeiros bancos — bem antes de tudo isso, quando era rapaz, se ensinava que a modernidade começou em outubro de 1492. Nos livros da escola, o primeiro capítulo dos tempos modernos eram e são as grandes explorações. Entre estas, a viagem de Colombo ocupa um lugar muito especial. Descidas Saara adentro ou intermináveis caravanas por montes e desertos até a China de nada valiam comparadas com a aventura do genovês. Precisa ler Mediterrâneo de Fernand Braudel para conceber o alcance simbólico do pulo além de Gibraltar, não costeando, mas reto para frente. Precisa, entre outras palavras, evocar o mar Mediterrâneo — este pátio comum navegável e navegado por milênios, espécie de útero vital compartilhado — para entender por que a viagem de Colombo acabou e continua sendo uma metáfora do fim do mundo fechado, do abandono da casa materna e paterna.
Contardo Calligaris. A psicanálise e o sujeito colonial.
In: Edson L. A. Sousa (org.). Psicanálise e colonização: leituras do sintoma
social no Brasil. Porto Alegre: Artes e Ofícios, 1999, p. 11-12 (com adaptações).
Julgue o item que se segue, relativo ao texto precedente.
No texto são mencionadas quatro diferentes visões do movimento filosófico e artístico que, no Brasil, teve seu ápice em 1922.
Bem antes que tentassem me convencer que a data de nascimento da modernidade era um espirro cartesiano, ou então um novo interesse empírico pela natureza que transpira das páginas do Novum Organum de Bacon, ou ainda (mais tarde e mais “marxista”) a abertura dos primeiros bancos — bem antes de tudo isso, quando era rapaz, se ensinava que a modernidade começou em outubro de 1492. Nos livros da escola, o primeiro capítulo dos tempos modernos eram e são as grandes explorações. Entre estas, a viagem de Colombo ocupa um lugar muito especial. Descidas Saara adentro ou intermináveis caravanas por montes e desertos até a China de nada valiam comparadas com a aventura do genovês. Precisa ler Mediterrâneo de Fernand Braudel para conceber o alcance simbólico do pulo além de Gibraltar, não costeando, mas reto para frente. Precisa, entre outras palavras, evocar o mar Mediterrâneo — este pátio comum navegável e navegado por milênios, espécie de útero vital compartilhado — para entender por que a viagem de Colombo acabou e continua sendo uma metáfora do fim do mundo fechado, do abandono da casa materna e paterna.
Contardo Calligaris. A psicanálise e o sujeito colonial.
In: Edson L. A. Sousa (org.). Psicanálise e colonização: leituras do sintoma
social no Brasil. Porto Alegre: Artes e Ofícios, 1999, p. 11-12 (com adaptações).
Julgue o item que se segue, relativo ao texto precedente.
No primeiro período do texto, o trecho “Bem antes que (...) bem antes de tudo isso” indica quando a modernidade começou, assim como o faz o trecho “em outubro de 1492”.
Text III
Aside from the difficulties of operating a decidedly multinational staff organization, once it is formed, the problem of reconciling the principle of equitable geographical distribution of recruits with that of “securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity” is a formidable one. This delicate task was politically imposed upon the League of Nations secretary-general, and is constitutionally required of his counterpart in the United Nations.
For better or for worse, recruitment policy cannot be based exclusively upon the criterion of the individual’s personal qualifications; in the field of international employment, the relevant irrelevancy is not “whom do you know” but “where are you from?” From a strictly administrative point of view, there is some positive value in securing broad nationality distribution, even at the expense of sheer quality; for some purposes, a slightly incompetent man’s nationality may make him more useful than a more expert civil servant of inappropriate nationality.
For the most part, however, the Charter principle of geographical distribution is a concession to political necessity. It licenses a kind of international spoils system in which states seek to nourish their national self-esteem by securing an adequate quota of international jobs for their citizens. Ironically, perhaps, because it is politically necessary it is also politically and administratively desirable; what shall it profit an international organization to maintain its administrative purity and lose its own members or their political support?
Inis L. and Claude Jr. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984, pp. 196-197 (adapted).
Regarding text III, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
The fragment “even at the expense of sheer quality” (last sentence of the second paragraph) could be, without harming the coherence of the text, replaced with even if this entails the choice of less qualified applicants.
Text I
Despite the tricky and life-threatening relationship between Paleolithic humans and the megafauna that comprised so much of their environment, twentieth-century scholars tended to claim cave art as evidence of an unalloyed triumph for our species. It was a “great spiritual symbol,” of a time when “man had just emerged from a purely zoological existence, when instead of being dominated by animals, he began to dominate them.” But the child-like and highly stylized stick figures found in caves do not radiate triumph. By the standards of our own time, they are excessively self-effacing and, compared to the animals portrayed around them, pathetically weak.
While twentieth-century archeologists tended to solemnize prehistoric art as “magico-religious” or “shamanic,” today’s more secular viewers sometimes detect a vein of sheer silliness. India’s Mesolithic rock art portrays few human stick figures; those that are portrayed have been described by modern viewers as “comical,” “animalized” and “grotesque.” As Judith Thurman wrote about the artists, “despite their penchant for naturalism, rarely did they choose to depict human beings, and then did so with a crudeness that smacks of mockery.”
But who are they mocking, other than themselves and, by extension, their distant descendants, ourselves? Of course, our reactions to Paleolithic art may bear no connection to the intentions or feelings of the artists. Yet there are reasons to believe that Paleolithic people had a sense of humor not all that dissimilar from our own.
Barbara Ehrenreich. The Humanoid Stain. Later on. Internet: (adapted).
Judge whether the following items about text I are right (C) or wrong (E).
In the last sentence of the text, inserting a comma immediately after the first occurrence of “that” would make the sentence grammatically incorrect.
Text I
Despite the tricky and life-threatening relationship between Paleolithic humans and the megafauna that comprised so much of their environment, twentieth-century scholars tended to claim cave art as evidence of an unalloyed triumph for our species. It was a “great spiritual symbol,” of a time when “man had just emerged from a purely zoological existence, when instead of being dominated by animals, he began to dominate them.” But the child-like and highly stylized stick figures found in caves do not radiate triumph. By the standards of our own time, they are excessively self-effacing and, compared to the animals portrayed around them, pathetically weak.
While twentieth-century archeologists tended to solemnize prehistoric art as “magico-religious” or “shamanic,” today’s more secular viewers sometimes detect a vein of sheer silliness. India’s Mesolithic rock art portrays few human stick figures; those that are portrayed have been described by modern viewers as “comical,” “animalized” and “grotesque.” As Judith Thurman wrote about the artists, “despite their penchant for naturalism, rarely did they choose to depict human beings, and then did so with a crudeness that smacks of mockery.”
But who are they mocking, other than themselves and, by extension, their distant descendants, ourselves? Of course, our reactions to Paleolithic art may bear no connection to the intentions or feelings of the artists. Yet there are reasons to believe that Paleolithic people had a sense of humor not all that dissimilar from our own.
Barbara Ehrenreich. The Humanoid Stain. Later on. Internet: (adapted).
Judge whether the following items about text I are right (C) or wrong (E).
In the expressions “unalloyed triumph” (first sentence of the text) and “sheer silliness” (first sentence of the second paragraph), the adjectives “unalloyed” and “sheer” convey similar meanings.
No que se refere aos movimentos migratórios nacionais e internacionais e à formação e à estrutura dos blocos econômicos internacionais, julgue item subsequente.
A crescente disputa entre potências como Estados Unidos da América e China tem impulsionado blocos como a Cooperação Econômica Ásia-Pacífico (APEC) e a Associação das Nações do Sudeste Asiático (ASEAN) a fortalecerem acordos comerciais e tecnológicos.
A lack of women at decision-making tables around the world is hindering progress when it comes to tackling conflicts or improving health and standard of living, the highest-ranking woman in the UN (United Nations) has said.
“We’re half the population. And what we bring to the table is incredibly important and it’s missing”, said Amina Mohammed, the UN deputy secretary general. “I think it’s why mostly our human development indices are so bad, why we have so many conflicts and we’re unable to come out of the conflicts.”
Since her appointment in 2017, Mohammed has been a constant voice in pushing back against the under-representation of women in politics, diplomacy and even the UN general assembly. Her efforts have helped cast a spotlight on the fact that women remain relegated to the margins of power around the world; last year the global proportion of female lawmakers stood at 26.9%, according to Switzerland’s Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Speaking to The Guardian, Mohammed said “flexing muscle and testosterone” often dominated at tables of power around the world. “This win, win, win at all costs — I think that would change if women were at the table”, she said.
She acknowledged that the world had seen a handful of female leaders who had not used their position to advocate for greater peace or conflict resolution. “Fair point, we see women in power and they’re sometimes the image of men”, she said. But she described it as unfair to judge women on an individual basis while they were still within the confines of a system dominated by men. “We don’t judge men that way.”
Mohammed highlighted how many parts of society still view women in power as “about taking away, rather than adding” value. “And we have to change that mentality”, she said.
“We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the women in office, let’s have affirmative action. And we never connected the dots for women themselves to build the constituencies and to go out and vote”, she said. “So we have to have a conversation with women first. Because if we’re doing this for women, should it not be by women?”
Ashifa Kassam. Lack of women at global tables of power hinders progress, says top UN official.
In: The Guardian, 19/6/2024. Internet:: <www.theguardian.com.> (adapted).
Based on the previous text, judge the following item.
In the sentence ‘We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the women in office, let’s have affirmative action’ (first sentence of the last paragraph), the verbs ‘put’ and “let’s have” express recommendations or suggestions previously made.
Diplomacy is often described as an art, involving decisions shaped by sensitive political nuances that require human judgment, cultural understanding, and emotional intelligence — qualities that AI cannot fully replicate. While AI can support decision-making, it may also manipulate human behavior subtly, especially through systems developed in countries with different geopolitical priorities. This deepens the AI divide between technologically advanced and resource-limited nations, embedding linguistic and cultural biases and reinforcing global power asymmetries. As algorithms take their place alongside diplomats, the art of negotiation now meets the science of AI. The future of diplomacy must lie in fostering a symbiotic relationship where AI enhances human expertise, streamlines processes, and offers new strategic tools while leaving the nuanced art of diplomacy in human hands.
Diplomatic institutions adopting such technologies should also adopt guardrails to clarify how these systems inform decision-making. To ensure that AI systems function appropriately across diverse cultural contexts, adaptive and responsible AI frameworks should be integrated into policy discussions at the national and international levels. Crucially, any AI deployment must prioritise human agency. The goal must not be to automate diplomacy, but to augment it. AI’s incorporation into diplomacy offers both promise and peril. While the technology supports efficiency and expands access to information, it must be governed by strong ethical frameworks, particularly when it can shape global power relations through sensitive negotiations. Rather than embracing AI as a magic wand, it must be approached as a double-edged sword that is capable of assisting, but never replacing the unique human skills that diplomacy demands.
Anusha Guru. The Future of Diplomacy: AI’s Expanding Role in International Affairs.
In: Observer Research Foundation, 18/6/2025. Internet:<www.orfonline.org> (adapted).
Judge the following item based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects.
The author argues that the ethical governance of AI’s application in diplomacy is especially critical because its influence may extend beyond technical efficiency to altering the global distribution of political power.
Equipped with spiritual armor against the threats and blows of a new, strange life, literate man marches forth to win victories in war and statecraft, art and science, religion and business. But in achieving these triumphs each civilization brings into being, willy-nilly, a larger and more complex community, increasingly divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds and fraught with growing contradictions in all spheres of life between theory and practice, faith and works, ideals and realities. The new unity of sentiment and purpose which gloriously characterizes the coming of the great age proves to be short-lived.
The uneasy balance of instinct, egotism, and ethics, woefully lost with the initial transition from preliteracy to civilization and transiently regained in new devotions to tribal gods, human or divine, is again lost as the orbit of civilization moves from tribe and kingdom and nation to the complex and confusing imperium of the great society and the World State. The acids of rationalism and skepticism dissolve old loyalties. The injunctions of morality, even when reinforced by the vision of the monotheistic higher religions, conflict with reason and self-interest. Man is divided against himself. And therefore men become divided against themselves in new cleavages of rich and poor, in-group and out-group, faithful and infidel, orthodox and heterodox, my side and your side.
Frederick L. Schuman. International politics: the destiny of the
Western State System. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948.
According to the preceding text, judge the following item.
It is correct to conclude from the meanings and the grammatical structure of the second sentence of the text that contradictions are part of the “cleavages of needs and creeds”.
Equipped with spiritual armor against the threats and blows of a new, strange life, literate man marches forth to win victories in war and statecraft, art and science, religion and business. But in achieving these triumphs each civilization brings into being, willy-nilly, a larger and more complex community, increasingly divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds and fraught with growing contradictions in all spheres of life between theory and practice, faith and works, ideals and realities. The new unity of sentiment and purpose which gloriously characterizes the coming of the great age proves to be short-lived.
The uneasy balance of instinct, egotism, and ethics, woefully lost with the initial transition from preliteracy to civilization and transiently regained in new devotions to tribal gods, human or divine, is again lost as the orbit of civilization moves from tribe and kingdom and nation to the complex and confusing imperium of the great society and the World State. The acids of rationalism and skepticism dissolve old loyalties. The injunctions of morality, even when reinforced by the vision of the monotheistic higher religions, conflict with reason and self-interest. Man is divided against himself. And therefore men become divided against themselves in new cleavages of rich and poor, in-group and out-group, faithful and infidel, orthodox and heterodox, my side and your side.
Frederick L. Schuman. International politics: the destiny of the
Western State System. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948.
According to the preceding text, judge the following item.
The spiritual armor mentioned in the first sentence of the text can be correctly understood as the condition of literacy, which characterizes the notion of civilization adopted by the author.
Equipped with spiritual armor against the threats and blows of a new, strange life, literate man marches forth to win victories in war and statecraft, art and science, religion and business. But in achieving these triumphs each civilization brings into being, willy-nilly, a larger and more complex community, increasingly divided against itself by internal cleavages of needs and creeds and fraught with growing contradictions in all spheres of life between theory and practice, faith and works, ideals and realities. The new unity of sentiment and purpose which gloriously characterizes the coming of the great age proves to be short-lived.
The uneasy balance of instinct, egotism, and ethics, woefully lost with the initial transition from preliteracy to civilization and transiently regained in new devotions to tribal gods, human or divine, is again lost as the orbit of civilization moves from tribe and kingdom and nation to the complex and confusing imperium of the great society and the World State. The acids of rationalism and skepticism dissolve old loyalties. The injunctions of morality, even when reinforced by the vision of the monotheistic higher religions, conflict with reason and self-interest. Man is divided against himself. And therefore men become divided against themselves in new cleavages of rich and poor, in-group and out-group, faithful and infidel, orthodox and heterodox, my side and your side.
Frederick L. Schuman. International politics: the destiny of the
Western State System. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1948.
According to the preceding text, judge the following item.
In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the expression “willy-nilly” indicates that civilizations easily generate more complex communities.
As taxas de câmbio desempenham papel central nas transações internacionais ao permitirem que sejam comparados preços de mercadorias, capitais e serviços produzidos em diferentes países. Por isso, a política cambial, que define os regimes de taxas de câmbio, acaba condicionando as relações financeiras entre um país e o resto do mundo.
A partir do texto apresentado, julgue o item subsecutivo.
A condução da política cambial em um regime de câmbio flutuante ou administrado não tem impacto no dia a dia do cidadão comum.
Julgue o item a seguir, relativo a instrumentos de política comercial.
É esperado que tanto a imposição de quotas de importação abaixo do equilíbrio de livre mercado quanto a imposição de tarifas de importação tenham o efeito de reduzir a quantidade demandada de importações.
Text II
This book wants to show the newcomer the lie of the land without confusing him with details. In writing it I thought first and foremost of readers in their teens. But I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics, critics who are quick to detect and resent any trace of pretentious jargon or bogus sentiment. I know from experience that these are the vices which may render people suspicious of all writings. I have striven to use plain language even at the risk of sounding casual or unprofessional. I hope that no reader will attribute my decision to get along with a minimum of the art historian’s conventional terms to any desire on my part of ‘talking down’ to him. Apart from this decision, I have tried to follow a number of more specific self-imposed rules, such as limiting myself to real works of art and cutting out anything which might merely be interesting as a specimen of taste or fashion. This decision entailed a considerable sacrifice of literary effects. Praise is so much duller than criticism, and the inclusion of some amusing monstrosities might have offered some light relief. Thus, while I do not claim that all the works illustrated represent the highest standard of perfection, I did make an effort not to include anything which I considered to be without a peculiar merit of its own.
A second rule also demanded a little self-denial. I vowed to resist any temptation to be original in my selection, lest the well-known masterpieces be crowded out by my own personal favourites. This book, after all, is not intended merely as an anthology of beautiful things; it is meant for those who look for bearings in a new field, and for them the familiar appearance of apparently ‘hackneyed’ examples may serve as welcome landmarks.
One more rule I have followed. When in doubt I have always preferred to discuss a work which I had seen in the original rather than one I knew only from photographs. I should have liked to make this an absolute rule, but I did not want the reader to be penalized by the accidents of travel restrictions which sometimes dog the life of the art-lover.
E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. Phaidon, New York – London: 1995, p. 7-8 (adapted).
Considering text II, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
As used in the third sentence of the first paragraph, the expression “most exacting class of critics” refers to critics who worry too much about being correct.
Publicidade