According to contemporary theories on language learning assessment,

a) the teacher should bring together the range of information collected from students’ responses, and determine how to act upon it in ways that will improve students’ understanding and further learning.

b) the quality of student writing must be assessed through the use of indirect tests of usage and mechanics.

c) language learning assessment is conceived as the process of assessing governing language forms.

d) assessment of language learning can be understood as evaluating the product of studying.

e) assessment for learning is any assessment designed primarily to serve the purposes of accountability or of ranking or of certifying competence.