Questões de Concursos

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 76 a 80.

L?HISTOIRE
CHERCHEUR D?OR À NEW YORK

Pour trouver de l?or, il y a les rivières de Guyane, les mines sud-africaines et... les caniveaux de New York. Avec pour outil sa pince et son couteau, Raffi Stepanian inspecte la boue des égouts aux pieds des buildings dans l?espoir d?y trouver quelques morceaux d?or, de diamant ou de rubis. L?homme de 43 ans n?a pas choisi sa zone de recherche par hasard. Il a posé ses valises dans le Midtwon?s Diamond District, le quartier des diamantaires, où les fournisseurs de bijoux laissent échapper par mégarde quelques poussières de pierres précieuses et de bijoux. Et cette chasse au trésor s?avère payante. Raffi Stepanian prétend gagner plus de 150 euros chaque jour grâce à ses ventes. Et en grand seigneur, cet ancien des travaux publics n?hésite pas à révéler son filon. «Je ne suis pas égoïste (...), je voudrais que d?autres personnes en profitent aussi», a-t-il récemment déclaré à la chaîne de télévision CBS New York. Qui aurait pu imaginer que la Grosse Pomme cachait une mine d?or?
(Direct Matin, no 914, 1^er Juillet 2011, p. 6 )

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 04 e 05.
Uma patente é um dos tipos de propriedade intelectual. Os outros são as marcas comerciais, os direitos autorais e a indicação geográfica (direito de um produto ser comercializado trazendo o nome de uma região, como o queijo roquefort). [...] A patente é um monopólio concedido a um indivíduo ou empresa sobre um novo conhecimento que pode ser aplicado comercialmente, na forma de um novo produto. [...] O monopólio conferido pela patente significa que ninguém pode usar o novo conhecimento sem a autorização do proprietário dessa patente. [...] Qualquer outra pessoa somente pode utilizar o novo processo produtivo ou produzir o novo produto se for licenciada para isso pelo proprietário da patente. Caso o proprietário da patente conceda uma licença, o licenciado é obrigado a pagar por ela, e esses pagamentos são chamados royalties. (Adaptado de Ciência Hoje, vol. 43, p. 47­8, abril 2009.)

O texto a seguir é referência para as questões 77 a 80.

Germans make wonderful beer. Yet the productivity of the German beer industry is only 43 percent that of the U.S. beer industry. Meanwhile, the German metalworking and steel industries are equal in productivity to their American counterparts. Since the Germans are evidently capable of organizing industries well, why can?t they do so when it comes to beer?
It turns out that the German beer industry suffers from small?scale production. There are a thousand tiny beer companies in Germany, shielded from competition with one another because each German brewery has virtually a local monopoly, and they are also shielded from competition with imports. The United States has 67 major beer breweries, producing 23 billion liters of beer per year. All of Germany?s 1,000 breweries combined produce only half as much. Thus the average U.S. brewery produces 31 times more beer than the average German brewery.
This fact results from local tastes and German government policies. German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. Instead, most German beer is consumed within 30 miles of the factory where it is brewed. Therefore, the German beer industry cannot profit from economies of scale. In the beer business, as in other businesses, production costs decrease greatly with scale. The bigger the refrigerating unit for making beer, and the longer the assembly line for filling bottles with beer, the lower the cost of manufacturing beer. Those tiny German beer companies are relatively inefficient. There?s no competition; there are just a thousand local monopolies.
The local beer loyalties of individual German drinkers are reinforced by German laws that make it hard for foreign beers to compete in the German market. The German government has so?called beer purity laws that specify exactly what can go into beer. Not surprisingly, those government purity specifications are based on what German breweries put into beer, and not what American, French, and Swedish breweries like to put into beer. Because of those laws, not much foreign beer gets exported to Germany, and because of inefficiency and high prices much less of that wonderful German beer than you would otherwise expect gets sold abroad. (Before you object that German Löwenbräu beer is widely available in the United States, please read the label on the next bottle of Löwenbräu that you drink here: it?s not produced in Germany but in North America, under license, in big factories with North American productivities and efficiencies of scal(E).

(Diamond, J. ,2005. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: Norton.)

As questões 73 e 74 referem–se ao texto a seguir.

RUSSELL, BERTRAND (3rd Earl Russell) (1872–1970), philosopher and peace campaigner. Grandson of Whig prime minister Lord John Russell, he established his reputation with his work at Cambridge on mathematical logic, resulting in the publication (with A. N. Whitehead) of Principia Mathematica (1910–13). Removed from his Cambridge lectureship in 1915 for his open opposition to World War I and his support for conscientious objectors, he was imprisoned in 1918 for seditious writings. Although he was restored to the Cambridge post in 1919, he gave it up to devote himself to writing. His later works include The Analysis of Matter (1927) and History of Western Philosophy (1948), as well as a large number of broadcasts and works of popular philosophy. These made him famous, and as a result he won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. An opponent of nuclear weapons, he was a co–founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in 1958 and its first president, and was imprisoned in 1961 for his CND activities.

(GARDNER, J. & Wenborn, N., Eds. The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown, 1995. Adapted)