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ID: 19437•
Inglês•
FUMARC•
AL MG•
Analista de Sistemas

TEXT 1
                                    When was the first computer unvented?

            The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and was originally used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century when people began to realize machines never get tired and can perform calculations much faster and more accurately than any team of human computers ever could.
            In 1822, Charles Babbage began developing the Difference Engine, which was considered to be the first automatic computing engine. It was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine Nº 2 for the bicentenni- al year of Babbage"s birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

Fonte: http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000984.htm Acesso em: 15/10/2013
Write True (T) or False (N).

( ) The meaning of a computer changed a lot from 1613 to the 19th century.
( ) Only after the 19th century it was understood people calculate less quickly than machines.
( ) An updated version of the first automatic computer can be found at the London Science Museum.

ID: 44546•
Inglês•
FCC•
TRF 3a•
Técnico Judiciário Edificações

Considere a sentença abaixo.

To generate the swelling curve, it is first necessary to estimate three variables which affect the rate and potential magnitude of serviceability loss due to swelling … [ ] ... Generally, swelling need only be considered for fine-grained soils such as clays and silts.

Os termos swelling e clays referem-se, respectivamente, a 

ID: 237883•
Inglês•
Semântica•
CESGRANRIO•
BNDES•
Profissional Básico Economia

Green is the hot topic these days, and the concept
is having an impact on the way people think about
datacenters. Companies around the world are
announcing ways to save energy and reduce costs by
5 buying new hardware and services. Yet, there is little
guidance on how you can take action to control energy
costs. In the past, electricity has been treated as an
overhead expense, like the cost of space. But with rising
power costs and issues regarding reliability, supply, and
10 capacity, electricity requires its own specific strategy.
Projects regarding performance optimization and
cost reduction are a part of everyday best practices

Mark the sentence in which the idea introduced by the word in bold type is correctly described.

ID: 29803•
Inglês•
CONSULPLAN•
CODEVASF•
Técnico em Informática

The uses for oil

Oil is the largest source of liquid fuel and, in spite of attempts to develop synthetic fuels, world consumption of oil products in increasing.
The oil industry is not much more than a hundred years old. It began when the first oil well was drilled in 1859. In the early days, oil was used to light houses because there was no electricity and gas was very scarce. Later, people began to use oil for heating too.
Most industries use machinery to make things. Every machine needs oil in order to run easily. Even a small clock or watch needs a little oil from time to time.
The engines of many machines use oil fuels petrol, kerosene or diesel. Cars, buses, trucks, tractors, and small aircraft use petroleum chemicals: synthetic rubber, plastics, synthetic fiber materials for clothes and for the home, paints, materials which help to stop rust, photographic materials, soap and cleaning materials (detergents), drugs, fertilizers for farms and gardens, food containers, and may others.
In 1900 the world’s oil production was less than 2 million tons a year. Today the oil industry is one of the world’s largest and most important suppliers of raw materials.
“…In spite of attempts to develop synthetic fuels…” In spite of is the same as:

ID: 849781•
Inglês•
Verbos•
EDUCA•
Professor de Educação Básica•
2020

Considering the following sentence, select the correct alternative to fulfill out the lines:
“The apartment __________ (To Belong) to Mary for 5 years before she _________ (To Sell) it.”

ID: 691920•
Inglês•
Aeronáutica•
EPCAR•
Cadete da Aeronáutica•
2019

TEXT
WHAT IS MODERN SLAVERY?
Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century. Slavery continues today and harms people in every country in the world.
Women forced into prostitution. People forced to work in agriculture, domestic work and factories. Children in sweatshops1 producing goods sold globally. Entire families forced to work for nothing to pay off generational debts. Girls forced to marry older men.
There are estimated 40.3 million people in modern slavery around the world, including:
• 10 million children
• 24.9 million people in forced labour
• 15.4 million people in forced marriage
• 4.8 million people in forced sexual exploitation
Someone is in slavery if they are:
• forced to work – through coercion, or mental or physical threat;
• owned or controlled by an ’employer’, through mental or physical abuse or the threat of abuse;
• dehumanised, treated as a commodity or bought and sold as ‘property’;
• physically constrained or have restrictions placed on their freedom of movement.
Slavery has been a disgraceful aspect of human society for most of human history. However, Anti-Slavery International has refused to accept that this bloody status quo should be allowed to persist (Aidan McQuade, former director).
Forms of modern slavery
Purposes of exploitation2 can range from forced prostitution and forced labour to forced marriage and forced organ removal. Here are the most common forms of modern slavery.
• Forced labour – any work or services which people are forced to do against their will3 under the threat of some form of punishment.
• Debt bondage or bonded labour – the world’s most widespread form of slavery, when people borrow money they cannot repay and are required to work to pay off the debt, then losing control over the conditions of both their employment and the debt.
• Human trafficking– involves transporting, recruiting or harbouring people for the purpose of exploitation, using violence, threats or coercion.
• Descent-based slavery – where people are born into slavery because their ancestors were captured and enslaved; they remain in slavery by descent.
• Child slavery – many people often confuse child slavery with child labour, but it is much worse. Whilst4 child labour is harmful for children and hinders5 their education and development, child slavery occurs when a child is exploited for someone else’s gain. It can include child trafficking, child soldiers, child marriage and child domestic slavery.
• Forced and early marriage – when someone is married against their will and cannot leave the marriage. Most child marriages can be considered slavery. 
Many forms of slavery have more than one element listed above. For example, human trafficking often involves advance payment for travel and a job abroad, using money often borrowed from the traffickers. Then, the debt contributes to control of the victims. Once they arrive, victims cannot leave until they pay off their debt.
Many people think that slavery happens only overseas, in developing countries. In fact, no country is free from modern slavery, even Britain. The Government estimates that there are tens of thousands people in modern slavery in the UK.
Modern slavery can affect people of any age, gender or race. However, contrary to a common misconception6 that everyone can be a victim of
slavery, some groups of people are much more vulnerable to slavery than others.
People who live in poverty7 and have limited opportunities for decent work are more vulnerable to accepting deceptive job offers that can turn exploitative. People who are discriminated against on the basis of race, caste, or gender are also more likely to be enslaved. Slavery is also more likely to occur where the rule of law is weaker and corruption is rife. Anti-Slavery International believes that we have to tackle8 the root causes of slavery in order to end slavery for good. That’s why wepublished our Anti- Slavery Charter, listing comprehensive measures that need to be taken to end slavery across the world.
(Adapted from https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-today/modern-slavery/)

Glossary:
1. sweatshop – a factory where workers are paid very little and work many hours in very bad conditions
2. exploitation – abuse, manipulation
3. will – wish, desire
4. whilst – while
5. to hinder – obstruct, stop
6. misconception – wrong idea/ impression
7. poverty – the condition of being extremely poor
8. to tackle – attack
In the topic “Forced and early marriage” (line 56), the modal verb can be replaced by ____ without changing the meaning.

ID: 838800•
Inglês•
Prefeitura de Bataguassu MS•
Prefeitura de Bataguassu MS Professor de Língua Inglesa•
2021

Ler (reading), escrever (writing), ouvir (listening) e falar (speaking) são quatro habilidades básicas que permitem agir socialmente. Ou seja, essas são as habilidades linguísticas que as pessoas desenvolvem ao se relacionarem e comunicarem umas com as outras. Sobre elas, pode-se afirmar com certeza apenas o exposto na seguinte alternativa:

ID: 21460•
Inglês•
CESPE CEBRASPE•
BACEN•
Analista de Política Econômica e Monetária

    Recent corporate s, such as EBS International and Société Générale, have brought about renewed scrutiny into corporate governance mechanisms. Given the pervasiveness of Information Technology (IT) in many organizations, the examination of corporate governance mechanisms also includes IT governance mechanisms. IT governance is defined as “a structure of relationships and processes to direct and control the enterprise in order to achieve the enterprise’s goals by adding value while balancing risk versus return over IT and its processes”.
    In light of increased public awareness, professional bodies such as the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) have undertaken a number of steps to provide guidance in the implementation of effective IT governance. The approach taken by ISACA appears to be largely based upon two concepts. The first concept relates to increasing the awareness of issues and concepts relating to IT governance in the public domain. The second concept involves the provision of guidelines and the identification of best-practice IT governance mechanisms. Interestingly, the effectiveness of these best-practice mechanisms in improving IT governance is largely based upon conceptual arguments. As such, it becomes important to ascertain if these best-practice mechanisms do impact upon the level of IT governance.
    As IT escalates in terms of importance and pervasiveness in the operations of firms, it is inexorably tied to specific mechanisms that are prescribed for good corporate governance, most notably, a sound system of internal controls. Accordingly, effective IT governance is a critical underpinning for a system of good corporate governance that minimizes agency losses for a firm.

Internet: < http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com > (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item. 
Although considerable research has been devoted to IT governance, rather less attention has been paid to corporate governance mechanisms.

ID: 687335•
Inglês•
Aeronáutica•
EEAR•
Sargento da Aeronáutica Aeronavegantes e Não Aeronavegantes•
2019

   The cost of a cigarette
     
                A businesswoman’s desperate need for a cigarette on an
8-hour flight from American Airlines ________ in her being
arrested and handcuffed, after she was found lighting up in the
toilet of a Boeing 747, not once but twice. She ___________
because she _______ violent when the plane landed in England,
where the police subsequently arrested and handcuffed her. Joan
Norrish, aged 33, yesterday ________ the first person to be
prosecuted under new laws for smoking on board a plane, when
she was fined £440 at Uxbridge magistrates’ court.
                                            Adapted from Innovations , by Hugh Dellar and Darryl Hocking
The words “violent” and “subsequently”, underlined in the text, are:

ID: 16108•
Inglês•
CETRO•
AEB•
Assistente em CT 3 I

Choose the alternative that best translates the sentences below.
“Neil A. Armstrong was a NASA astronaut and the first man on the moon or, more accurately, the first man to set foot on the moon.”

Available in: http://www.space.com/15519-neil- armstrong-man-moon.html

ID: 851465•
Inglês•
Interpretação de Texto•
CESPE CEBRASPE•
Analista de Tecnologia da Informação•
2020

      With the exception of business owners and investors, most Brazilians looked for candidates who prioritized job creation and income generation, in the 2018 elections. According to a Brazilian Economic Outlook from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the economy sustained growth (albeit slow) for a while since the end of 2017, industrial production increased, and unemployment rates declined. Nevertheless, 13.4 million people remained jobless, particularly women, youth, and people of color; and growth rates were disappointing. A poll by Datafolha showed at the time that Brazilians’ perceptions of the economy were pessimistic: 72 percent of those surveyed felt the economic scenario had worsened in the last months. Similar to the reaction to corruption, this extremely negative perception of the socioeconomic environment could potentially further distance voters from the traditional government and their allies, turning voters toward “unconventional” candidates instead, who could represent a change in the status quo.

Idem. Ibidem (adapted).

Concerning the text presented above, judge the following items.

It can be concluded from the text that job creation was a priority for many Brazilian voters, in 2018.

ID: 860726•
Inglês•
Voz passiva em inglês

(ADVISE 2009) Do the passive voice of the sentence: He has made everything beautiful in its time.

ID: 14158•
Inglês•
CESPE CEBRASPE•
ABIN•
Agente de Inteligência

UN announces program to help hunger hot spots

A UN agency rolled out a $ 214 million program Tuesday to help 16 needy places hit hard by high prices for food and oil, amid a crisis already making it hard for aid groups to provide enough food for the worlds hungry.

The World Food Program said almost 1 billion poor people around the world are struggling to survive amid the higher prices. The agency is trying to reach those in critical need of assistance in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean.

"Food prices are not abating, and the worlds most vulnerable have exhausted their coping strategies", said Josette Sheeran, the agencys executive director. "Our action plan is targeted and customized to help the most vulnerable meet their urgent needs.
"The plan will provide assistance to groups such as pregnant women, undernourished children and people living in urban areas affected most by the food crisis.

The Rome-based agency also hopes to cut transportation costs and help support farmers in countries where emergency food can be bought locally.

But the agency already faces "obstacles" in procuring food, particularly when trying to buy supplies locally, spokeswoman Brenda Barton said.
"At the markets we have been buying food it has become just too expensive", Barton told The Associated Press by telephone. And she added: "a lot of markets just dont have any food to buy."
Internet: (adapted).

Based on the text above, it can be deduced that
it is difficult to control the starvation the world is facing.

ID: 48472•
Inglês•
CESPE CEBRASPE•
MCT•
Tecnologista Pleno

       When investigators try to discover what caused an airliner to crash, the first thing they hope to find are the flight data recorders, popularly known as “black boxes”. These devices, usually painted bright orange, record how the aircraft was flying and the last 30 minutes or so of conversation in the cockpit. The information extracted from them has helped to determine the cause of air crashes and to improve aviation safety. Similar recording systems are fitted to some trains, ships and lorries. Now a bill in America’s Congress seeks to make it compulsory for data recorders to be fitted to all cars by 2015.
       The idea is that data captured by the recorders would give investigators and road-safety officials a better understanding of how certain crashes come about.
Internet: <www.economist.com> (adapted).
 
Based on the text, judge the items below.

Flight data recorders register about 30 minutes of conversation in the cockpit.

ID: 847499•
Inglês•
Verbos•
AMEOSC•
Prefeitura de Iporã do Oeste SC Professor de Inglês•
2020

Read the text below to answer the question.


How octopuses ‘taste’ things by touching


   Octopus arms have minds of their own. Each of these eight supple yet powerful limbs can explore the seafloor in search of prey, snatching crabs from hiding spots without direction from the octopus’ brain. But how each arm can tell what it’s grasping has remained a mystery.

   Now, researchers have identified specialized cells not seen in other animals that allow octopuses to “taste” with their arms. Embedded in the suckers, these cells enable the arms to do double duty of touch and taste by detecting chemicals produced by many aquatic creatures. This may help an arm quickly distinguish food from rocks or poisonous prey, Harvard University molecular biologist Nicholas Bellono and his colleagues report online October 29 in Cell.

   The findings provide another clue about the unique evolutionary path octopuses have taken toward intelligence. Instead of being concentrated in the brain, two-thirds of the nerve cells in an octopus are distributed among the arms, allowing the flexible appendages to operate semiindependently.


 (Adapted from: https://www.sciencenews.org/article/octopus-taste-touch-arm-suckers). 

The negative form of the phrase “Octopus arms have minds of their own” is:

ID: 114711•
Inglês•
Palavras conectivas•
CESGRANRIO•
IBGE•
Analista de Planejamento Ciências Contábeis

An 18-Minute Plan for Managing Your Day
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Imagem 008.jpg

Otherwise in the sentence "Otherwise, take it off your list." (lines 41-42) can be substituted, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by

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