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No final dos anos 1970, ainda durante o governo ditatorial, uma onda de greves de operários das indústrias da região do ABC paulista (Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo e São Caetano do Sul) agitou a cena política brasileira. Iniciado pelos operários da fábrica de caminhões Saab-Scania, em 1978, o movimento alastrou-se para as fábricas da Ford, Mercedes-Benz e Volkswagen. Os trabalhadores reivindicavam 20% de aumento salarial para diminuir as perdas da inflação que corroía sua condição de vida. Um ano depois, outras categorias se uniram aos metalúrgicos: eram bancários, médicos, professores, funcionários públicos, trabalhadores da construção civil, entre outras categorias.

A respeito desse novo movimento sindical, surgido no final da década de 1970, que contribuiu para a derrocada da Ditadura cívico-militar implantada após o golpe de 1964, é correto afirmar que resultou na criação

Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
Considering the information provided in the text, it is clear that of the total plastic waste in the United States
Numere os ideais das reformas religiosas que ocorreram no decorrer do século XVI, apresentados abaixo, de acordo com os seguintes representantes dos movimentos reformistas:

1. Luteranos; 2. Calvinistas; 3. Anabatistas; 4. Contrarreformistas.

( ) Defendiam a liberdade de consciência em matéria de fé.
( ) Defendiam a justificação pela graça e as obras.
( ) Acreditavam que apenas a fé na promessa divina era eficaz para a salvação.
( ) Acreditavam que, na predestinação divina, havia eleitos e condenados.

A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:

“A tarefa da bela aparência artística, segundo Hegel, é libertar-nos da aparência sensorial impura e grosseira. No quadro de um mestre holandês, não é a exata reprodução dos objetos que nos agrada: é que a ‘magia da cor e da iluminação’ transfigura as pobres coisas naturais que são representadas; é que as cenas prosaicas de quermesses e bebedeiras são metamorfoseadas num ‘domingo da vida’; é que a ‘bela aparência’ torna fascinante o que, na vida, nos deixava indiferentes. Assim, a representação artística é uma negação sorrateira do sensível: ante os nossos olhos, o sensível se torna o que ele não é. Mas, é claro, é sempre ante nossos olhos que se efetua essa transmutação; é sempre no sensível que a arte critica o sensível. E porque a obra de arte se apresenta necessariamente numa matéria sensível, ela não pode ser ‘o modo de expressão mais elevado da verdade’. O fato de a obra de arte se dirigir à aísthesis (sensibilidade) constitui, para Hegel, tanto a sua essência como a sua limitação.”

LEBRUN, G. A mutação da obra de arte. In: A filosofia e sua história. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2006, p. 332-333 – Adaptado.

Conforme o texto acima, é correto afirmar que, para Hegel, a arte não pode ser o modo de expressão mais elevado da verdade, porque

“O uso planejado e sustentável da terra na Amazônia pode minimizar drasticamente a degradação florestal, na região, provocada pelo aumento de incêndios devido às mudanças climáticas. Esta é a conclusão do estudo, publicado nesta segunda-feira (15/07) na revista Global Change Biology pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) em colaboração com o Centro de Pesquisa e Monitoramento de Desastres (Cemaden) e as universidades de Exeter (Reino Unido) e de Estocolmo (Suécia). ”

INPE – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Manejo sustentável pode salvar a Amazônia das queimadas. São José dos Campos-SP, 15 de julho de 2019. Disponível em: http://www.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php? CodNoticia=5158

O estudo, cuja conclusão é citada no trecho acima, é intitulado “Efeitos de cenários de mudanças climáticas e de uso do solo na probabilidade de fogo durante o século 21 na Amazônia brasileira”. Considerando esse estudo e o conhecimento que se tem sobre as queimadas na Amazônia, é correto concluir que

A erosão costeira no estado do Ceará é um fenômeno preocupante que tem afetado algumas áreas ao longo do tempo, como se observa nos municípios de Caucaia e Fortaleza. Este processo tem provocando diversos prejuízos ambientais e socioeconômicos. Dentre as causas desse fenômeno encontram-se
O isolamento social ocasionado pela pandemia da Covid-19 fez com que houvesse uma ampliação significativa das atividades profissionais para o formato remoto. Essa situação ocasionou uma demanda por internet de melhor qualidade. Neste contexto, muitos clientes realizaram a migração para a internet transmitida por fibra ótica. A fibra ótica geralmente é composta de sílica (SiO2) ou plástico, com diâmetro da ordem de micrômetro, cuja função é a transmissão de um sinal, como a luz, por exemplo. A fibra apresenta muitas vantagens, dentre as quais se encontram estabilidade no sinal transmitido, pouca interferência eletromagnética, alta velocidade de transmissão de dados, grande disponibilidade de matéria prima e alta durabilidade. A propagação de um pulso eletromagnético dentro de uma fibra ótica é explicada a partir da
Fritz Wolfgang London (1900–1954) e Walter Heitler (1904–1981) deram uma preciosa contribuição ao estudo das ligações intermoleculares. Considerando as forças de dispersão ou interações de London, é correto dizer que ocorrem entre
Considerando a Geografia como ciência, é correto afirmar que
Relacione, corretamente, os tipos de reprodução com suas respectivas características, numerando os parênteses abaixo de acordo com a seguinte indicação:
1.Reprodução sexuada; 2.Reprodução assexuada.
( ) Anterozoides, espermatozoides, oosfera e óvulos são exemplos de gametas. ( ) Forma organismo com constituição genética diferente dos progenitores. ( ) Não envolve a formação de gametas. ( ) Esporulação, cissiparidade e brotamento são exemplos de tipos dessa reprodução.
A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:
O LDR (Light Dependent Resistor – Resistor Dependente de Luz) é um resistor cuja resistência varia com a intensidade luminosa incidente, permitindo a variação da intensidade da corrente em um circuito. A resistência de um LDR varia desde 40 Ωaté 1 MΩ. Quando submetido a uma tensão constante, esse LDR dissipa uma potência máxima de 100 mW, cuja corrente que o atravessa corresponde ao valor de
Atente para o trecho a seguir.
“Tornamo-nos conscientes de que o ‘pertencimento’ e a ‘identidade’ não têm a solidez de uma rocha, não são garantidos para toda a vida, são bastante negociáveis e revogáveis, e de que as decisões que o próprio indivíduo toma, os caminhos que percorre, a maneira como age – e a determinação de se manter firme a tudo isso – são fatores cruciais tanto para o ‘pertencimento’ quanto para a ‘identidade’. Em outras palavras, a ideia de ‘ter uma identidade’ não vai ocorrer às pessoas enquanto o ‘pertencimento’ continua sendo o seu destino, uma condição sem alternativa. Só começarão a ter essa ideia na forma de uma tarefa a ser realizada, e realizada vezes e vezes sem conta, e não de uma só.
Essa concepção sobre “identidade” se refere a qual dos seguintes sociólogos e das teorias?

Atente para o que se diz a seguir sobre ecologia:

I. Comunidade é o conjunto de indivíduos da mesma espécie que habitam o mesmo ecossistema.

II. Biomas são classificados pela composição e estrutura da vegetação dominante que reflete as condições climáticas.

III. Os fatores abióticos são representações das interações intraespecíficas e interespecíficas.

IV. Cadeia alimentar é uma sequência linear por meio da qual a matéria e a energia são transferidas de um nível trófico a outro.

É correto o que se afirma em

The World Might Be Running Low on Americans


The world has been stricken by scarcity. Our post-pandemic pantry has run bare of gasoline, lumber, microchips, chicken wings, ketchup packets, cat food, used cars and Chickfil-A sauce. Like the Great Toilet Paper Scare of 2020, though, many of these shortages are the consequence of near-term, Covid-related disruptions. Soon enough there will again be a chicken wing in every pot and more than enough condiments to go with it.


But there is one recently announced potential shortage that should give Americans great reason for concern. It is a shortfall that the nation has rarely had to face, and nobody quite knows how things will work when we begin to run out.


I speak, of course, of all of us: The world may be running low on Americans — most crucially, tomorrow’s working-age, childbearing, idea-generating, community-building young Americans. Late last month, the Census Bureau released the first results from its 2020 count, and the numbers confirmed what demographers have been warning of for years: The United States is undergoing “demographic stagnation,” transitioning from a relatively fast-growing country of young people to a slow-growing, older nation.


Many Americans might consider slow growth a blessing. Your city could already be packed to the gills, the roads clogged with traffic and housing prices shooting through the roof. Why do we need more folks? And, anyway, aren’t we supposed to be conserving resources on a planet whose climate is changing? Yet demographic stagnation could bring its own high costs, among them a steady reduction in dynamism, productivity and a slowdown in national and individual prosperity, even a diminishment of global power.


And there is no real reason we have to endure such a transition, not even an environmental one. Even if your own city is packed like tinned fish, the U.S. overall can accommodate millions more people. Most of the counties in the U.S. are losing working-age adults; if these declines persist, local economies will falter, tax bases will dry up, and localgovernments will struggle to maintain services. Growth is not just an option but a necessity — it’s not just that we can afford to have more people, it may be that we can’t afford not to.


But how does a country get more people? There are two ways: Make them, and invite them in. Increasing the first is relatively difficult — birthrates are declining across the world, and while family-friendly policies may be beneficial for many reasons, they seem to do little to get people to have more babies. On the second method, though, the United States enjoys a significant advantage — people around the globe have long been clamoring to live here, notwithstanding our government’s recent hostility to foreigners. This fact presents a relatively simple policy solution to a vexing long-term issue: America needs more people, and the world has people to send us. All we have to do is let more of them in.


For decades, the United States has enjoyed a significant economic advantage over other industrialized nations — our population was growing faster, which suggested a more youthful and more prosperous future. But in the last decade, American fertility has gone down. At the same time, there has been a slowdown in immigration.


The Census Bureau’s latest numbers show that these trends are catching up with us. As of April 1, it reports that there were 331,449,281 residents in the United States, an increase of just 7.4 percent since 2010 — the second-smallest decade-long growth rate ever recorded, only slightly ahead of the 7.3 percent growth during the Depression-struck 1930s.


The bureau projects that sometime next decade — that is, in the 2030s — Americans over 65 will outnumber Americans younger than 18 for the first time in our history. The nation will cross the 400-million population mark sometime in the late 2050s, but by then we’ll be quite long in the tooth — about half of Americans will be over 45, and one fifth will be older than 85.


The idea that more people will lead to greater prosperity may sound counterintuitive — wouldn’t more people just consume more of our scarce resources? Human history generally refutes this simple intuition. Because more people usually make for more workers, more companies, and most fundamentally, more new ideas for pushing humanity forward, economic studies suggest that population growth is often an important catalyst of economic growth.


A declining global population might be beneficial in some ways; fewer people would most likely mean less carbon emission, for example — though less than you might think, since leading climate models already assume slowing population growth over the coming century. And a declining population could be catastrophic in other ways. In a recent paper, Chad Jones, an economist at Stanford, argues that a global population decline could reduce the fundamental innovativeness of humankind. The theory issimple: Without enough people, the font of new ideas dries up, Jones argues; without new ideas, progress could be imperiled.


There are more direct ways that slow growth can hurt us. As a country’s population grows heavy with retiring older people and light with working younger people, you get a problem of too many eaters and too few cooks. Programs for seniors like Social Security and Medicare may suffer as they become dependent on ever-fewer working taxpayers for funding. Another problem is the lack of people to do all the work. For instance, experts predict a major shortage of health care workers, especially home care workers, who will be needed to help the aging nation.


In a recent report, Ali Noorani, the chief executive of the National Immigration Forum, an immigration-advocacy group, and a co-author, Danilo Zak, say that increasing legal immigration by slightly more than a third each year would keep America’s ratio of working young people to retired old people stable over the next four decades.


As an immigrant myself, I have to confess I find much of the demographic argument in favor of greater immigration quite a bit too anodyne. Immigrants bring a lot more to the United States than simply working-age bodies for toiling in pursuit of greater economic growth. I also believe that the United States’ founding idea of universal equality will never be fully realized until we recognize that people outside our borders are as worthy of our ideals as those here through an accident of birth.

The passage “In a recent report, Ali Noorani, the chief executive of the National Immigration Forum, an immigration-advocacy group, and a co-author, Danilo Zak, say that increasing legal immigration by slightly more than a third each year would keep America’s ratio of working young people to retired old people stable over the next four decades.” contains an example of

A Chapada do Araripe e a Chapada do Apodi, que possuem algumas características bem particulares, são feições geomorfológicas sedimentares de notória importância geológica, geomorfológica e ambiental. Considerando essas importantes feições do território cearense, analise as seguintes afirmações:


I.Ao contrário do que se pode observar no Planalto da Ibiapaba, na Chapada do Araripe, a morfogênese química predomina nas áreas de encosta e não no topo da estrutura.


II.Na Chapada do Apodi, ocorre, de maneira indistinta, o predomínio damorfogênese mecânica.


III.Tanto na Chapada do Araripe quanto na Chapada do Apodi predominam rochas calcárias no topo e arenitos nas áreas de encosta.


É correto o que se afirma somente em

Dois líquidos miscíveis têm, respectivamente, densidades de 0,6 g/cm3 e 0,9 g/cm3. Sabendo-se que os líquidos podem ser misturados de modo a formar uma mistura homogênea, é correto concluir que a densidade de uma mistura, em g/cm3, obtida a partir da junção de massas iguais dos líquidos é
Pelo fato de a Geografia ser uma ciência, é correto afirmar que seu estatuto científico decorre do
Um gás ideal tem seu estado termodinâmico completamente determinado pelas variáveis
Após a morte de Maomé, em 632, teve início uma era de grande expansão da civilização muçulmana liderada pelos califas, os sucessores do profeta, entre os séculos VII e VIII.
Considerando o impacto dessa expansão para o velho mundo, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.
Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
According to the text, the United States
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