ID: 1019918•
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2025

Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is a dual-focused educational approach in which an additional language* is used for the learning and teaching of both content and language. That is, in the teaching and learning process, there is a focus not only on content, and not only on language. Each is interwoven, even if the emphasis is greater on one or the other at a given time. CLIL is not a new form of language education. It is not a new form of subject education. It is an innovative fusion of both. CLIL is closely related to and shares some elements of a range of educational practices. Some of these practices – such as bilingual education and immersion – have been in operation for decades in specific countries and contexts; others, such as content-based language teaching or English as an Additional Language (EAL), may share some basic theories and practice but are not synonymous with CLIL, since there are some fundamental differences. CLIL is content-driven, and this is where it both extends the experience of learning a language, and where it becomes different to existing language-teaching approaches.


* “often a learner’s ‘foreign language’, but it may also be a second language or some form of heritage or community language.”

(COYLE, Do; HOOD, Philip; MARSH, David. 2010, p. 1. Adaptado)
Look at the fragment: “others, such as content-based language teaching or English as an Additional Language (EAL)”. In English, there are also the terms other, another, the other, the others – all of them used to refer to something or someone different from the one(s) already mentioned.
Choose the alternative with the correct use of one of these terms.

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2024

Read the sentences below and identify the highlighted words in each one:

I – I met someone who said he knew you.

II – The noise that hem ade woke everybody up.

III – I saw something in the paper which would interest you.

Select the corret answer.

ID: 1024526•
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AresPCJ SP•
Analista de Ouvidoria•
2025

Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:


The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reports that once water is contaminated, it is difficult, costly, and often impossible to remove the pollutants. Currently, 80% of global wastewater goes untreated, and is contaminated by a wide range of substances, from human waste to highly toxic industrial discharges. The type and amount of pollutants in freshwater determines its suitability for human uses such as drinking, bathing, and agriculture.

Pollution of freshwater ecosystems can also impact the habitat and quality of life of fish and other wildlife. This can include pathogens (largely from human and animal waste), organic matter (including nutrients from agricultural run-off such as nitrogen or phosphorus), chemical pollution (from irrigation, domestic wastewater and runoff of mines into rivers) and salinity. Plastics, and chemicals of emerging concern, such as certain pharmaceutical products, are issues for which their extent and impacts on freshwater are largely unknown. A preliminary assessment of water quality in rivers in Latin America, Africa and Asia, “A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality” (Ringler, et al., 2016), estimated that severe pathogenic pollution affects around one third of all rivers, severe organic pollution around one seventh of all rivers, and severe and moderate salinity pollution around one-tenth of all rivers in these regions.


(UNDRR, “Pollution”. Disponível em: www.undrr.org/ understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/tl0028#:~:text=Pollution%20 is%20defined%20as%20the,UN%20data%2C%20n o%20date. Adaptado)
No trecho do segundo parágrafo “This can include pathogens”, o termo destacado em negrito se refere a

ID: 1019936•
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Read the text to answer questions from.


Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) was a 1970s reaction to much that had gone before, and has guiding principles: first, language is not just patterns of grammar with vocabulary items slotted in; it also involves language functions such as inviting, agreeing and disagreeing, suggesting, etc., which students should learn how to perform using a variety of language exponents (e.g. we can invite by saying “Would you like to come to the cinema?’, ‘D’you fancy coming to the cinema?’, ‘What about coming to the cinema?’, ‘How about a film?’, ‘Are you on for a film?, etc). Students also need to be aware of the need for appropriacy when talking and writing to people in terms of the kind of language they use (formal, informal, tentative, technical, etc). CLT is not just about the language; it is actually about how it is used.

The second principle of Communicative Language Teaching is that if students get enough exposure to language, and opportunities for language use, and if they are motivated, then language learning will take care of itself. Thus, CLT has a lot in common with the acquisition view of language absorption. As a result, the focus of much CLT has been on students communicating real messages, and not just grammatically controlled language. The deployment of many communicative activities, where students use all and any language they know to communicate, shows this aspect of CLT at work.


(Harmer, J. 1998. Adaptado)
In the excerpt from the first paragraph “which students should learn how to perform”, the word in bold has as its referent

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Cadete do Exército

Helping at a hospital

Every year many young people finish school and then take a year off before they start work or go to college. Some of them go to other countries and work as volunteers. Volunteers give their time to help people. For example, they work in schools or hospitais, orthey help with conservation.

Mike Coleman is 19 and______________in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States. He wants to become a teacher but now he ______________ in Namibia. He's working in a hospital near Katima Mulilo. He says, " I'm working with the doctors and nurses here to help sick people. I'm not a doctor but I can do a lot of things to help. For example, I help carry people who can't walk. Sometimes I go to villages in the mobile hospital, too. There aren't many doctors here so they need help from people like me. I don't get any money, but that's OK, l'm not here for the money.”

"I'm staying here for two months, and I'm living in a small house with five other volunteers. The work is hard and the days are long, but I'm enjoying my life here. I'm learning a lot about life in Southern África and about myself! When I finish the two months' work, I want to travel in and around Namibia for three weeks. For example, I want to see the animais in the Okavango Delta in Botswana."

http://vyre-legacy-access.cambridge.org

Read the fragment from the text.

“Some of them go to other countries and work as volunteers.” (lines 2 and 3)

What does the object pronoun them refer to?

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2024

Read the excerpt of the book entitled 'The Other Tongue: English across cultures' written by Joshua A. Fishman, published in 1992:

Sociology of English as an Additional Language

The ongoing nativization of non-native Englishes in various parts of the world proceeds within the penumbra of a rather stable and widespread image of English. This image is itself both influenced by and, in turn, contributory to an international sociolinguistic balance of power that characterizes the latter part of the twentieth century. This balance of power rests solidly on three realities: (1) not only is English increasingly associated with technological modernity and power, but this association is now being fostered by non-English mother-tongue interests; (2) English is both functionally fostered and regulated by local political authorities; and (3) indigenous "preferred languages" are complementary fostered and regulated by these same authorities.

Not only is English still spreading, but it is even being spread by non-English mother-tongue interests.

The world has previously witnessed the spread of languages of empire, the diffusion of lingua francas, and the growth of international languages. In most respects, therefore, the continued spread of English for international and intranational purposes is not novel in the annals of world history—or, if it is novel, it is so primarily in a quantitative sense, in terms of scale, rate, and degree, rather than in any qualitative sense or in terms of kind. If there is something qualitatively newunder the sun in conjunction with the spread of English in the non-English mother-tongue world, it is merely that the spread has reached such an order of magnitude that it is now significantly fostered by the non- English mother-tongue world, rather than being predominantly de- pendent on resources, efforts, or personnel of the English mothertongue world (Conrad and Fishman 1977). Whether we monitor the veritable army of English-speaking econo-technical specialists, advisors, and representatives, or whether we examine the diffusion of English publications, films, radio and television programs, literacy programs and educational opportunities, it is becoming increasingly clear that non-English mother-tongue countries are significantly active in each of these connections. Nor is their involvement merely that of Third World recipients of Western largesse. True, Third World nations are themselves fostering massive efforts via and on behalf of English. On the other hand, however, equally massive programs via English are being conducted by the Soviet Union, the Arab world, and mainland China-world powers that have their own well-developed standard languages and that normally oppose various political, philosophical, and economic goals of the English mother-tongue world.


Source: FISHMAN, Joshua A. Sociology of English as an additional language. The other tongue: English across cultures, v. 2, p. 19-26, 1992.
Based on the use of relative and reflexive pronouns in the text, which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F)?

(__)The text uses relative pronouns to add further information, such as "that" in phrases like "world powers that have their own well-developed standard languages."

(__)Reflexive pronouns are used in the text to emphasize actions performed by subjects upon themselves, such as "itself" and "themselves."

(__)The text frequently uses "that" to ask (or declare) to whom something belongs.


Choose the alternative that presents the correct order:

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2025

Read the text to answer question.


Based on theoretical, experimental, and experiential knowledge, teachers and teacher educators have expressed their dissatisfaction with method in different ways. Studies clearly demonstrate that, even as the methodological band played on, practicing teachers have been marching to a different drum.

In this sense, the post method condition is established as a timely response. It signifies interrelated attributes. First and foremost, it signifies a search for an alternative to method rather than an alternative method. While alternative methods are primarily products of top-down processes, alternatives to method are mainly products of bottom-up processes. In practical terms, this means that we need to refigure the relationship between the theorizer and the practitioner of language teaching. If the concept of method authorizes theorizers to centralize pedagogic decision-making, the postmethod condition enables practitioners to generate location-specific, classroom-oriented innovative strategies.

Secondly, the postmethod condition signifies teacher autonomy. The conventional concept of method “overlooks the fund of experience and tacit knowledge about teaching which the teachers already have by virtue of their lives as students” (Freeman, 1991). The postmethod condition, however, recognizes the teachers’ potential to know not only how to teach but also how to act autonomously within the academic and administrative constraints imposed by institutions, curricula, and textbooks. It also promotes the ability of teachers to know how to develop a critical approach in order to self-observe, self-analyze, and self-evaluate their own teaching practice with a view to effecting desired changes.


(B. Kumaravadivelu, Beyond Methods: Macrostrategies for language
teaching. Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2003. Adaptado)
Pronouns are important elements for text cohesion. In the extract from the second paragraph “It signifies interrelated attributes”, the pronoun It has “the postmethod condition” as its referent. A pronoun it that does not have a referent and only performs a grammatical function is a “nonreferential it”. In the following sentences, a “nonreferencial it” is found in:

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2025

Augmented reality is enhancing the patient experience in dental procedures. Dentists can now use AR technology to create interactive and immersive simulations of dental treatments. Patients can visualize the entire process, from tooth restoration to orthodontic adjustments, before the actual procedure takes place. This not only alleviates anxiety but also allows patients to make informed decisions about their dental care. By incorporating AR into their practices, dentists enhance communication, build trust, and ensure a more comfortable experience for their patients.

Internet:<www.myrobstowndentistry.com> (adapted).

Based on the text and general knowledge, judge the following item.

The word “their” in “By incorporating AR into their practices” is an object pronoun and indicates that the practices belong to the dentists.

ID: 1022785•
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Prefeitura de Brejo Santo CE•
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2025

Text 1 – How children learn languages


Questions 31 to 39


How long does it take to learn a language?



Many different factors affect the time it takes. These include your child’s age, first language, their reason for BLANK I English and their teachers. You can help your child learn quickly by BLANK II them lots of opportunities to use English. It helps to have real reasons for BLANK III a language, rather than just BLANK IV grammar.

Is it true that boys and girls learn languages differently?

Yes. At early ages, girls tend to develop language more quickly. Remember that it’s OK for children to develop at different speeds. It will be more similar by secondary school age. However, by this stage children might think that languages are ‘more of a girl thing’. Attitudes to learning can have a big impact on educational success so it’s important to find ways to encourage your child and help them enjoy their learning.

Do primary and secondary children learn languages differently?

Yes, there are differences.

Primary school children are learning their first and second languages at the same time. It’s really important to support both languages. Children with a strong foundation in their first language will find it easier to learn a second language. Encourage your child to play, sing and read in both their first and second languages. Remember to plan separate times to focus on each language. If you say something in English and then in another language, your child will automatically listen for their stronger language and ‘tune out’ the other language.

Teenagers are interested in exploring their personalities and identities. This creates lots of opportunities to use popular culture, films, TV, music and video games. Teenagers also enjoy challenging authority, which provides opportunities for debates and discussion.

Will learning another language affect how well my child does at school?

Multilingual children learn at a young age that they can express their ideas in more than one way. This helps their thought process and makes them better, more flexible, learners. Research has found that children who speak more than one language do better in school, and have better memories and problem-solving skills.

What kind of learner is my child?

Watch your child playing. What do they enjoy doing? Puzzlesand problem-solving? Physical play and sports? Word games? Writing stories? Creative play? Try doing these types of activities in English and make a note of what your child responds to best. Alternatively, ask your child to create in English their own one-week ‘dream timetable of activities’. Let them choose how to present it. For example, they could act it out, prepare a written fact file, make a video, draw pictures, go on a treasure hunt or make a scrap book.


Source: https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/learning-english/parents-and-children/how-to-support-your-child/howchildren-learn-languages/. Accessed on 01/22/25
In the sentence ‘Research has found that children who speak more than one language do better in school, and have better memories and problem-solving skills.’, the relative pronouns ‘that’ and ‘who’:

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Prefeitura de Sapezal MT•
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2024

TEXT:


Making homework count

By Stephanie Hirschman

October 8, 2024



Homework and independent study can make a massive contribution to students’ progress, particularly when classes don’t meet daily, or students aren’t living, working or studying in anglophone environments. There are several issues to consider when setting homework.

Why students are doing homework is a fundamental question which can cover a wide spectrum of reasons. The most obvious is that it offers both teachers and students a chance to check on learning and identify areas for further review and consolidation. Exam preparation courses make use of homework to consolidate and accelerate learning and deliver results. Finally, some institutions require teachers to set homework and some clients, for example parents, believe that a course with homework offers better value for money.

Whatever the reason behind setting homework, be clear with students about how they’ll benefit from the assignment, how to do it effectively, how long they should spend on it and how it will be marked.

The homework that many people expect from a language course is “more of the same” exercises, that is, those that offer extra opportunities to practice grammar or vocabulary from the lesson.

It is also possible to bring in practice from other online or print sources, but this can sometimes be problematic, especially for lower levels. Make sure that the resource you choose maps onto the lesson content without placing extra demands on students, for example, by introducing a completely different context or topic with unfamiliar vocabulary to practice a grammar point. You also need to make sure that terminology is consistent – students who are expecting to practice present continuous may not recognize that it is also called present progressive. With lower levels, go over the instructions and/or demonstrate one of the exercises so they know how to get started.

It's worth mentioning here that flipped learning may also be a useful approach to homework. This is where students preview part of the lesson plan (like a reading or listening task) or research a general topic independently before class in order to maximize opportunities for communicative activities during the lesson.

Other types of homework include semi-controlled practice of target language. Students could write personal sentences including vocabulary items or grammatical structures from the class – note that they may need training to do this. A sentence like, “The milk went off,” is not as effective for learning as, “We had no milk for the coffee this morning – it went off because we didn’t put it in the fridge last night.” You may wish to provide some question or example prompts as support.

An unusual and motivating type of speaking homework is a personalized bingo game. Students create their own bingo card, which might be a 4x4 grid. In each cell, they write a key word or structure from the lesson that they wish to practice during the next few days. They carry the card around in their pocket, and every time they use an item of target language, they can tick it off, aiming to complete a line. This is especially suitable for students who are living, working or studying in anglophone environments. Teachers can monitor progress regularly and even offer small prizes.

The question of what teachers actually do with homework also has multiple possible responses, which will depend on the teaching context. At one end of the spectrum, if there is good buy-in from the students, teachers may only need to point them towards a selected set of “more of the same” exercises and make sure the answers are accessible for self-checking. Make it clear that you welcome questions if anything isn’t clear and test regularly to check understanding.

Whatever choices you make about homework, here’s one final tip. It’s best to complete assignments the day after receiving them and not on the same day. Research on spaced repetition shows that reviewing information after around 24 hours, “just before you forget it,” is the most effective way to boost retention.


Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/blog/post/makinghomework-count

Acesso em 25/10/2024

Leia o trecho a seguir: “The homework that many people expect from a language course is “more of the same” exercises, that is, those that offer extra opportunities to practice grammar or vocabulary from the lesson”. O pronome em destaque classifica-se como:

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2024

A lawyer used ChatGPT to prepare a court filing. It went horribly awry.

A lawyer who relied on ChatGPT to prepare a court filing on behalf of a man suing an airline is now all too familiar with the artificial intelligence (AI) tool’s shortcomings — including its propensity to invent facts.

Roberto Mata sued Colombian airline Avianca last year, alleging that a metal food and beverage cart injured his knee on a flight to Kennedy International Airport in New York. When Avianca asked a Manhattan judge to dismiss the lawsuit based on the statute of limitations, his lawyer submitted a brief based on research done by ChatGPT.


While ChatGPT can be useful to professionals in numerous industries, including the legal profession, it has proved itself to be both limited and unreliable. In this case, the AI invented court cases that didn’t exist, and asserted that they were real. The fabrications were revealed when Avianca’s lawyers approached the case’s judge, saying they couldn’t locate the cases cited in Mata’s lawyers’ brief in legal databases.


“It seemed clear when we didn’t recognize any of the cases in their opposition brief that something was amiss,” said the airline’s lawyer. And soon they figured it was some sort of chatbot of some kind. On the other hand, the passenger’s lawyer said that it was the first time he’d used ChatGPT for work and, therefore, he was unaware of the possibility that its content could be false.


Internet: <www.cbsnews.com> (adapted).

Based on the preceding text, judge the item that follow.

It is correct to infer from the text that, due to the lawyer’s expertise, he had used ChatGPT for work before.

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The Vikings

Raiders, travelers or brave explorers?

The Vikings sailed the seas, attacked towns, and stole treasures all over Europe between 800 and 1100. They started from Scandinavia and attacked many countries in Europe. They settled in Britain, Ireland and France. They also crossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in Iceland and Greenland. They discovered North America but they also traveled east to Russia and south to Arabia.

They were good farmers and excelient shipbuilders. They used their ships for war. They also used them to carry people and goods to new lands. In winter, when there was not much farm work to do, they stayed home and did other interesting jobs. Men made swords to use them in battle. The Vikings liked swords so much they often decorated them with gold and gave them names. Women cooked and made clothes, shoes, and jewelry for themselves,______ children and husbands.

In 866 the Vikings captured an Anglo-Saxon town. They called it Jorvik and it was the capital of the Viking kingdom for 200 years. They made Jorvik rich and one of the most famous cities in Britain. Some years ago, archeologists discovered part of that Viking town in York, the modern city of Jorvik. They found many things such as jewelry, coins and clothes. If you ever go to York and you want to traveli back in time and see how the Vikings lived, visit the Jorvik Centre!

Adapted from Wilson, D. M. (1987) The Vikings, Activity Book, British Museum Press http://www.pi-schools.gr/books/gymnasio/aggl_a_prox/ergas/043-060.pdf

Which possessive form completes the gap in text III?

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2024

Drones are an integral part of the defense and supply-chain industry. However, their prowess and versatility extend beyond these sectors. As the demand for UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) continues to increase, the drone market is now estimated to be valued at over 127 billion dollars.


These uncrewed aircrafts can potentially develop numerous sectors, including transport and travel, exponentially. This is primarily due to their remarkable evolution of collision-avoidance technologies through computer vision and artificial intelligence, allowing them to operate autonomously.


The dynamic innovation of drone transportation can positively impact emergency services by decreasing emergency response time, offering valuable data from inaccessible regions, and identifying victims via thermal imaging.


Though the concept of a UAV emerges from being “unmanned,” its autonomous power can be used to create functional, personal transportation. Well-known companies like Uber, Airbus, and Boeing are constantly working on developing self-flying drones that can take people from one place to another.


In conclusion, drone transportation has a lot of untapped potential beyond supply chain and security surveillance. Whether it is for emergencies, luxury, or space exploration, the future is optimistic for the travel industry.


Internet: <www.skygrid.com> (adapted).




Based on the previous text, judge the following item.

The word “their” (second sentence of the second paragraph) refers back to “sectors” (first sentence of the second paragraph).

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2024

Read the following paragraph from a movie review:

"(...) Its instant success even made it deserving of a few minutes of glory at the last edition of the Oscars, where Elizabeth Banks announced the award for Best Special Effects accompanied by a person in a bear costume. Just at the US box office, it has grossed twice its cost and accumulated more money than Shazam! Fury of the Gods, which exceeds its cost by almost $100 million."

LÓPEZ-SOLÓRZANO, B. From bears on drugs to giant black sharks: This is how B-movies have gone mainstream. El País, 2023. Disponível em: https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-04-07/from-bears-on-drugs-to-gi ant-black-sharks-this-is-how-b-movies-have-gone-mainstream.html. Acesso em 19 de julho de 2024.

In this text, there are two words in bold: where and its. These two words refer, respectively, to the following terms:

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2024

Agatha Christie

Agatha Christie is one of the rare writers who has completely transcended pop culture to become a more or less permanent fixture in the literary filament. Most authors — even best-selling authors who won awards and enjoyed huge sales of their books — fade away shortly after they die, their work falling out of fashion. A favorite example is George Barr McCutcheon, who had several bestsellers in the early 20th century — including "Brewster’s Millions," which has been adapted to film seven times — and was quite the literary star. A hundred years later, few people know his name, and if they know the title of his most famous work, it’s probably because of Richard Pryor.
But Christie is something else entirely. [...] Christie’s works are protected from the sort of rot that makes most non-literary classics fade from the public mind, of course, because they are generally quite clever, and the mysteries they describe and solve are crimes and schemes that could still be attempted today despite the march of time and technology. That makes Christie’s stories very adaptable, and indeed they are still adapting her most famous novels for television and film. Whether as period pieces or with effortless updates, these stories remain the gold standard for a “whodunnit.” On top of that, despite being a writer of paperback mysteries, a traditionally low-rent genre, Christie injected a certain thrilling literary adventure into her writing, ignoring the rules quite often and setting new standards [...].
And that’s likely the reason for Christie’s continued popularity. Despite writing what could have been tossed-off novels that sold like hotcakes and were then forgotten, Christie managed a perfect balance between intelligent artistry and the red meat of surprise twists, sudden reveals, and convoluted murder plots. Tha t literary intelligence, in fact, means that there’s a lot more than just clues to the mystery at hand in Christie’s stories — in fact, there are clues to Agatha Christie herself hidden in her prose.

(Adapted from: https://www.thoughtco.com/agatha-christie-secrets-4137763)
Relative pronouns are: that, who, whom, which, and whose. They refer to terms quoted previously and must be used to introduce a subordinated and main sentence.
(Source: https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/ingles/relative-pronouns.htm)
The pronoun “who” underlined in the first paragraph of Agatha Christie’s biography is:

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2024

Businesses are starting to introduce new options for tipping at self-checkout machines, putting even more pressure on customers amid rising inflation costs. Despite having zero interaction with employees during transactions, self-checkout machines at places such as coffee shops, bakeries, airports, and sports stadiums are giving customers the option to leave the typical 20% tip, according to a report from the Wall Street Journal.


Business owners believe that the prompt for a tip can boost staff pay and increase gratuities — but customers are questioning where and to whom the extra cash is going, considering self-checkout is done by the customers themselves. “They’re cutting labor costs by doing self-checkout. So what’s the point of asking for a tip? And where is it going?” are some of the questions customers ask. But tipping researchers claim this is a way for companies to put the responsibility of paying employees on the customer rather than increasing employee salaries themselves. Self-tipping is viewed by many customers as a way to guilt-trip the person into tipping on something when they typically wouldn’t.


Many companies told the Journal that these tipping prompts are optional, and the extra gratuity is split between all employees. However, experts say that tips at a self-checkout machine might never even get to an actual employee since protections for tipped workers in the federal Fair Labor Standards Act don’t extend to machines.


Internet: <https://nypost.com> (adapted).


According to the previous text, judge the following item.

One of the reasons why business owners have introduced the option for tipping at self-checkout machines is that they believe it may raise their employees’ payment.

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