Leia o seguinte texto na língua inglesa.


Explicit Versus Implicit Knowledge


When you are representing knowledge to be used to solve certain problems, you must constantly decide how implicit or explicit to make the knowledge. In conventional programming, the knowledge that is incorporate in a program is nearly always completely implicit. It does not really exist as knowledge in the program other than as knowledge the programmer uses to design its functioning. In AI paradigms such as rule-based programming, the attempt is to make knowledge explicit as general rules so that this knowledge can be applied to new situations that the developer may not have foreseen.


(Object-Oriented Programming for Artificial Intelligence, Ernest R. Tello, Addison Wesley Publishing Company Inc., 1990)

Com base no texto apresentado, em paradigmas de IA (como a baseada em regras), a tentativa é transformar o conhecimento explícito em regras gerais para que esse conhecimento possa ser aplicado a novas situações

How space technology is bringing
green wins for transport


1 Space technology is developing fast, and, with every advance, it is becoming more accessible to industry. Today, satellite communications (satcoms) and space-based data are underpinning new ways of operating that boost both sustainability and profitability. Some projects are still in the planning stages, offering great promise for the future. However, others are already delivering practical results.

2 The benefits of space technology broadly fall into two categories: connectivity that can reach into situations where terrestrial technologies struggle to deliver and the deep, unique insights delivered by Earth Observation (EO) data. Both depend on access to satellite networks, particularly medium earth orbit (MEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that offer low-latency connectivity and frequently updated data. Right now, the satellite supplier market is booming, driving down the cost of access to satellites. Suppliers are increasingly tailoring their services to emerging customer needs and the potential applications are incredible – as a look at the transportation sector shows.

3 Satellite technology is a critical part of revolutionizing connectivity on trains. The Satellites for Digitalization of Railways (SODOR) project will provide low latency, highly reliable connectivity that, combined with monitoring sensors, will mean near realtime data guides operational decisions. This insight will help trains run more efficiently with fewer delays for passengers. Launching this year, SODOR will help operators reduce emissions by using the network more efficiently, allowing preventative maintenance and extending the lifetime of some existing trains. It will also make rail travel more attractive and help shift more passengers from road to rail (that typically emits even less CO2 per passenger than electric cars do).

4 Satellite data and communications will also play a fundamental role in shaping a sustainable future for road vehicles. Right now, the transport sector contributes around 14% of the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions, of which 91% is from road vehicles – and this needs to change.

5 A future where Electric Vehicles (EV) dominate will need a smart infrastructure to monitor and control the electricity network, managing highly variable supply and demand, as well as a large network of EV charging points. EO data will be critical in future forecasting models for wind and solar production, to help manage a consistent flow of green energy.

6 Satellite communications will also be pivotal. As more wind and solar installations join the electricity network – often in remote locations – satcoms will step in to deliver highly reliable connectivity where 4G struggles to reach. It will underpin a growing network of EV charging points, connecting each point to the internet for operational management purposes, for billing and access app functionality and for the users’ comfort, they may access the system wherever they are.

7 Satellite technology will increasingly be a part of the vehicles themselves, particularly when automated driving becomes more mainstream. It will be essential for every vehicle to have continuous connectivity to support real-time software patches, map updates and inter-vehicle communications. Already, satellites provide regular software updates to vehicles and enhanced safety through an in-car emergency call service.

8 At our company, we have been deeply embedded in the space engineering for more than 40 years – and we continue to be involved with the state-of-the-art technologies and use cases. We have a strong track record of translating these advances into practical benefits for our customers that make sense on both a business and a sustainability level.


Available at: https://www.cgi.com/uk/en-gb/blog/space/how-space-technology-is-bringing-green-wins-to-transport. Retrieved on April 25, 2023. Adapted.
The main idea of the text is to
TEXT 2

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC GAP IN FOREIGNLANGUAGE LEARNING

Teaching foreign languages has become a major goal for many education systems around the world. In today’s increasingly interconnected world, speaking multiple languages improves employability, fosters respect for people from other cultures, and gives young people direct access to content that would otherwise be inaccessible, including literature, music, theatre and cinema (OECD, 2020a).

For the first time in 2018, PISA asked students whether they studied foreign languages at school and how much class time they had on foreign languages per week. Results show that learning foreign languages is widely available to 15-year-olds in today’s education systems. However, these opportunities are not evenly distributed among students of different socio-economic status: students in advantaged schools have more opportunities to learn foreign languages than students in disadvantaged schools. These socioeconomic disparities in foreign-language instruction time are telling as they correlate to inequity in student achievement in other areas – in reading, for example. These results suggest the existence of a social divide not previously measured that leaves some students unprepared for effective communication with others from different cultural and language backgrounds.

Excerpt extracted and adapted from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2021/ 11/the-socio-economic-gap-in-foreign-languagelearning_c357eab2/953199e1-en.pdf
Based on Text 2, which benefit is not mentioned as a result of speaking multiple languages?
Consider the following excerpt and answer the question:
"Many cities have invested in urban green spaces to improve quality of life for residents. These spaces not only provide a natural escape but also serve as hubs for community activities and relaxation."
Which cohesive device does the phrase "These spaces" primarily serve as, and what is its function in the text?
Read the following text.
My teacher’s cell phone
Heard a beeping sound Followed by a very old Frank Sinatra’s song My classmates’ heads turned Who’s phone? who’s phone? Less chaotic when the teacher glared Everybody put their heads down And checked their sophisticated mobile phones Once again... When the teacher wasn’t looking... Mobile phones roamed in a dull classroom Updating facebook status, Uploading candid photos of a snoring friend Copy pasting assignment Text messaging and gossiping about their stern lookingteacher In the name of advanced technology Mobile smartphones create the impossibles... Beyond the blackboard and the four walls of the classroom O o Frank Sinatra’s song again... And everybody started looking... The teacher grabbed her mobile phone Tried to switch it off... When students could own smartphones... Who needs NOKIA from the old time zone...?
Disponível em: <https://hellopoetry.com/words/classroom/>. Acesso em: 02 out. 2023.

Based on the poem “My teacher’s cell phone”, what is the central theme or message conveyed by the poem?
READ THE TEXT AND ANSWER QUESTION


The importance of assessing the social and economic impacts of environmental policies


Policymakers face the challenge of supporting both inclusive and sustainable economic development and a healthy environment. While the most desirable policy outcome is one that achieves the greatest environmental benefits while also advancing socioeconomic goals, it is important for policymakers to fully understand the possible trade-offs between these objectives. A better understanding of the broader impacts of environmental policies is crucial to mitigate their adverse effects on competing goals, especially as countries are faced with the arduous task of responding to mounting environmental challenges in economically turbulent times.


Governments are under pressure to scale up and accelerate their ambition on climate and environmental goals. But in taking such action forward, they have to carefully navigate a number of headwinds. These include the long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on both the economy and society, cost-of-living crisis, political tensions and geopolitical crises such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Low-income people and the poorest economies are the hardest hit, primarily due to the steep increases in the price of energy and food.


The level of environmental policy stringency can have an impact on a variety of policy outcomes. Empirical research is crucial to shed light on these interlinkages. Previous research has shown that more stringent environmental policy has achieved significant environmental benefits with little aggregate effect on economic performance. However, localized effects may generate winners and losers, with significant losses for certain sectors, firms or individuals and benefits for others. Nonetheless, at present, the empirical evidence on these distributional aspects is still scarce, despite its crucial role in supporting good policy design. More than ever, regulators need better tools and insights to assess the consequences of environmental policies on the economy and on social outcomes.


Adapted from the brochure downloaded from https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/social-and-economic-impacts-ofenvironmental-policies.html
“However” in “However, localised effects may generate winners and losers” (3rd paragraph) introduces a(n):

Julgue o item subsequente.


According to the Guidelines and Bases Law of Education– Federal Law nº 9.394/1996 and its amendments, high school will necessarily include the study of the English language and may offer other foreign languages, optionally.

How were the first 'voice mails' sent? In envelopes

“Hello Mother, Dad, and Blanche,” a quiet voice says above the cracks and pops of an old vinyl record, which has clearly been played many times over. “How’s everything at home? I’m recording this from Dallas…from this very little place where there are pinball machines and many other things like that…”

The disc is small, seven inches across, dated ___________ 1954. The faded green label shows that the speaker’s name is “Gene,” the recording addressed to “Folks.” Gene suggests in his minute-long message that he is traveling—“seeing America”—and tells his family not to worry about him.

“I should complete my trip sometime around Thanksgiving. I hope you received my letter and I, in turn, hope to receive some of the letters that you sent me.”

This largely forgotten sound is one of the world’s early “voice mails.” During the first half of the 20th century, these audio letters and other messages were recorded largely in booths, pressed onto metal discs and vinyl records, and mailed in places all over the world. Best known today for playing music at home, record players were then being used as a means of _____________ over long distances.

The idea of transporting a person’s voice had _________ large in the human imagination for some three centuries before it was finally achieved with the invention of the phonograph in the late 19th century. Historical documents from the Qing Dynasty in 16th-century China suggest the existence of a mysterious device called the “thousand-mile speaker,” a wooden cylinder that could be spoken into and sealed, such that the recipient could still hear the reverberations when opening it back up.

(Fonte: National Geographic - adaptado.)

According to the text, mark the CORRECT alternative:

Texto:
Emily loved spending time in her grandmother's garden. The garden was filled with vibrant flowers, chirping birds, and a small pond where frogs often rested. One day, while helping her grandmother plant new seeds, Emily noticed a butterfly with striking blue wings. She carefully watched it, fascinated by its delicate movements. Her grandmother explained that it was a rare species often seen during spring. Emily felt grateful for the time spent in such a magical place.
Regarding the text, analyze the following statements:

I.Emily found a butterfly with red wings in her grandmother's garden.
II.Emily felt grateful for the time she spent in her grandmother's garden.
III.Emily's grandmother said that the butterfly was a common species found throughout the year.

The correct statements are:
Leia o texto para responder à questão.

An introduction to Strategic Management

Strategic Management is all about identification and description of the strategies that managers can carry to achieve better performance and a competitive advantage for their organization. An organization is said to have competitive advantage in case its profitability is higher than the average profitability for all companies in its industry.
Strategic management can also be defined as a bundle of decisions and acts which a manager undertakes and which decides the result of the firm’s performance. The manager must have a thorough knowledge and analysis of the general and competitive organizational environment to take right decisions.
The managers should conduct a SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) in order to make the best possible utilization of strengths, minimize the organizational weaknesses, make use of arising opportunities from the business environment. They should not ignore the threats either.
Strategic management is nothing but planning for both predictable as well as unfeasible contingencies. It is applicable to both small and large organizations as even the smallest organization faces competition and, by formulating and implementing appropriate strategies, they can attain sustainable competitive advantage. It is a way in which a strategist sets the objectives and proceeds about attaining them. It deals with making and implementing decisions about future direction of an organization. It helps us to identify the direction in which an organization is moving.

(www.managementstudyguide.com/strategic-management.htm. Adaptado)
According to the first paragraph, one of the aims of strategic management is to
Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão:


The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reports that once water is contaminated, it is difficult, costly, and often impossible to remove the pollutants. Currently, 80% of global wastewater goes untreated, and is contaminated by a wide range of substances, from human waste to highly toxic industrial discharges. The type and amount of pollutants in freshwater determines its suitability for human uses such as drinking, bathing, and agriculture.

Pollution of freshwater ecosystems can also impact the habitat and quality of life of fish and other wildlife. This can include pathogens (largely from human and animal waste), organic matter (including nutrients from agricultural run-off such as nitrogen or phosphorus), chemical pollution (from irrigation, domestic wastewater and runoff of mines into rivers) and salinity. Plastics, and chemicals of emerging concern, such as certain pharmaceutical products, are issues for which their extent and impacts on freshwater are largely unknown. A preliminary assessment of water quality in rivers in Latin America, Africa and Asia, “A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality” (Ringler, et al., 2016), estimated that severe pathogenic pollution affects around one third of all rivers, severe organic pollution around one seventh of all rivers, and severe and moderate salinity pollution around one-tenth of all rivers in these regions.


(UNDRR, “Pollution”. Disponível em: www.undrr.org/ understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/tl0028#:~:text=Pollution%20 is%20defined%20as%20the,UN%20data%2C%20n o%20date. Adaptado)
The text is mainly about
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing diagnostics in dentistry. With the power of AI algorithms, dental specialists can analyze complex data sets, such as X‑rays and patient records, to identify patterns and detect abnormalities. This technology enables early detection of oral diseases, leading to more effective and timely treatments. AI‑driven diagnostic tools not only enhance the accuracy of diagnoses but also streamline the decision‑making process for dental professionals.

Internet:<www.myrobstowndentistry.com> (adapted).

Based on the text and general knowledge, judge the following item.

The use of the present continuous tense in “is revolutionizing” indicates that the process of revolutionizing diagnostics is not currently happening but is a completed action.

Back in October 2011, Stanford professors launched three free online courses, open to the public. One by one, these courses went massive, with enrollments topping 100.000 students each. Soon the media was calling these courses MOOCs, short for massive open online courses.
Since then, more than 1.200 universities around the world have launched free online courses. In addition to the larger global MOOC platforms, many national governments around the world have launched their own country-specific MOOC platforms, including India, Italy, Israel, Mexico and Thailand.
After a decade of popularization, in 2021, over 220 million students had signed up for at least one course on one of these platforms, and 40 million did so in 2021 alone. MOOCs and MOOC platforms are still growing, even after the crazy “Year of the MOOC” prompted by the pandemic and travel restrictions.
At Class Central, we try to catalog as many MOOCs as possible, and our listing currently includes more than 150.000 of them, from MOOC platforms and other online learning platforms. But due to limited resources, we cannot index every single one. If you’re looking for MOOCs from around the world, this list is our best attempt to catalog all different MOOC platforms that are out there.

Internet:<https://classcentral.coom> (adapted)

Keeping in mind the ideas expressed above and the linguistic aspects of the text, judge the following item.

It is correct to conclude from the text that the total number of students who signed up for the three free online courses offered by Stanford in 2011 was higher than 300.000.

Read Text II and answer the five questions that follow it


Text II

OpenAI’s GPT-4 Scores in the Top 1% of Creative Thinking

By Erik Guzik

Of all the forms of human intellect that one might expect artificial intelligence to emulate, few people would likely place creativity at the top of their list. Creativity is wonderfully mysterious—and frustratingly fleeting. It defines us as human beings—and seemingly defies the cold logic that lies behind the silicon curtain of machines. Yet, the use of AI for creative endeavors is now growing.

New AI tools like DALL-E and Midjourney are increasingly part of creative production, and some have started to win awards for their creative output. The growing impact is both social and economic—as just one example, the potential of AI to generate new, creative content is a defining flashpoint behind the Hollywood writers’ strike.

And if our recent study into the striking originality of AI is any indication, the emergence of AI-based creativity—along with examples of both its promise and peril—is likely just beginning.

When people are at their most creative, they’re responding to a need, goal, or problem by generating something new—a product or solution that didn’t previously exist.

In this sense, creativity is an act of combining existing resources — ideas, materials, knowledge — in a novel way that’s useful or gratifying. Quite often, the result of creative thinking is also surprising, leading to something the creator did not — and perhaps could not — foresee.

Our results?

GPT-4 scored in the top 1 percent of test-takers for the originality of its ideas. From our research, we believe this marks one of the first examples of AI meeting or exceeding the human ability for original thinking.

In short, we believe that AI models like GPT-4 are capable of producing ideas that people see as unexpected, novel, and unique. Other researchers are arriving at similar conclusions in their research of AI and creativity.

Adapted from https://singularityhub.com/2023/09/10/openais-gpt-4-scores-in-thetop-1-of-creative-thinking/
When the author informs that some have started to win awards for their creative output (2nd paragraph), he reveals that creative tools are being

INSTRUÇÃO: Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão 06.

Convicted Brazilian fugitive captured, ending two-week manhunt in US


Harrisburg: A convicted murderer who escaped from a Pennsylvania jail has been captured with help from a heat-sensing aircraft and a police dog, ending an intense, two-week manhunt that unnerved residents in the Philadelphia suburbs, authorities said.


Tactical teams surrounded the fugitive, Danelo Cavalcante, at around 8am in a rural area about 50 kilometres west of Philadelphia. As he tried to crawl away, a police dog subdued him and he was forcibly taken into custody, Pennsylvania State Police Lieutenant Colonel George Bivens said.


Cavalcante, who was armed with a rifle that he had stolen from a garage, was taken into custody without further incident. Bivens said he did not have the opportunity to use the firearm.


Cavalcante broke out of the Chester County Prison two weeks earlier by climbing between two walls that formed a narrow corridor in the jailhouse yard and scrambling onto the roof, according to police.


“It’s never easy to find someone who doesn’t want to be found in a large area,” Bivens said in response to a question about the extended manhunt during a Wednesday news briefing.


Disponível em: https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/fugitive-captured-ending-two-week-manhunt-in-us-20230914-p5e4im.html. Acesso em: 15 set. 2023. Adaptado.

Os filmes de Hollywood muitas vezes abordam uma ampla variedade de questões sociais por meio de suas narrativas, mas às vezes as próprias produções cinematográficas estadunidenses são criticadas pela insensibilidade a esses temas. Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a crítica apresentada no texto.

INSTRUÇÃO: Leia o texto a seguir para responder à questão.


What does the hurricane scale tell us?


Hurricanes are categorized by their wind speeds on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The scale was first developed by Herb Saffir, a structural engineer, and Bob Simpson, a meteorologist.

Hurricanes are split into five categories based on the wind speeds they produce.

To be considered a “major” hurricane, according to the National Hurricane Center, a storm must reach Category 3 or above.

A hurricane’s strength matters because it helps meteorologists give residents in its path an idea of what type of damage is possible.

A Category 2 hurricane, for example, has the potential to cause major roof damage to homes, snap or uproot shallowly rooted trees, and knock out power in an area for days to weeks.

When a hurricane reaches Category 5 strength, the center can predict that “catastrophic damage will occur,” according to the Saffir-Simpson scale. Winds from a Category 5 hurricane can destroy homes, fell trees and power lines and possibly leave an area without power for weeks or months.

Because the hurricane category scale is based only on wind speeds, a number of factors are not considered.

“Wind is only one of four hazards, four primary hazards, associated with a tropical cyclone,” said Dr. Michael Brennan, the acting deputy director of the National Hurricane Center, using the broader term for a hurricane. “You can also have rainfall and flooding, storm surge, tornadoes, rip currents.”

Other hurricane-related dangers can occur after the storms have moved through an area.

When an affected area loses power, for example, many people often turn to portable generators to produce electricity. But when they are used improperly, they can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning.

And a weak Category 1 hurricane, or even a tropical storm, can still cause serious damage. A tropical storm can have wind speeds between 39 m.p.h. and 73 m.p.h. If the storm strengthens and produces winds up to 74 m.p.h., it becomes a Category 1 hurricane.


Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/29/climate/hurricane-categories-scale-saffir-simpson.html. Acesso em: 27 set. 2023. Adaptado.
O furacão é um fenômeno atmosférico constituído por ventos giratórios que se deslocam em alta velocidade formado em regiões oceânicas, especialmente em zonas tropicais, constituídas por elevados níveis de umidade. De acordo com a reportagem, pode-se considerar:
No romance "Pride and Prejudice", de Jane Austen, um tema central da narrativa é:

Analyze the following assertions and the proposed relationship between them.

I - The term computer literacy emerged in the early 1980s together with the spread of the personal computer and, within a decade, the term had become uncritically celebrated among academic educators


BECAUSE


II - it generally referred to only the most basic forms of computer operation, such as turning on a computer, opening a folder, and saving a file, and thus tended to justify a very high view of computer-related education.

It is correct to state that

Read the text to choose the item containing data that does NOT suit poem analysis.

Dulzura


by Sandra Cisneros.

Make love to me in Spanish.

Not with that other tongue.

I want you juntito a mi,

tender like the language

crooned to babies.

I want to be that

lullabied, mi bien

querido, that loved.

I want you inside

the mouth of my heart,

inside the harp of my wrists,

the sweet meat of the mango,

in the gold that dangles

from my ears and neck.

Say my name. Say it.

The way it’s supposed to be said.

I want to know that I knew you

even before I knew you.

(Available in: https://www.best-poems.net/sandra-cisneros/dulzura.html.)

Text 1A4-II


The pursuit of space exploration represents one of the most captivating undertakings of the human race, serving as a testament to our inherent drive to comprehend the cosmos and our position within it. As humanity expands its reach beyond the confines of Earth, the intricate and essential relationship between technology and law grows increasingly intricate and indispensable.

The rapid progress of technology has ushered us into an era when endeavours in outer space, previously confined to the realm of science fiction, are now becoming tangible and feasible. The present circumstances require a comprehensive legal structure encompassing the existing range of space endeavours and the flexibility to accommodate dynamic technological advancements. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 set the foundational legal principles governing space exploration activities. However, as humanity continues to explore space and private companies participate alongside sovereign nations, the intersection of technology and law serves as both a catalyst for progress and a cause of disagreement.


Bansi Kaneria; Shivam Pandey. Interplay Between Technology and Law in Space Exploration. In: IOSR Journal of Environmental Science Toxicology and Food Technology, 2024, 18 (03): 31-46 (adapted).
In the second paragraph of text 1A4-II, the expression “has ushered”
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