Questões de Concursos

Imagine feeling overwhelmed and in need of someone to talk to, but no one is available. You have no idea what to do, who to talk to and what to say. Chatbot AI is your new best friend. Essentially, it can take over basic human interaction and problems, answering even the most absurd questions. An artificial intelligence chatbot provides support and guidance. But there are some aspects that AI can not replace, things like having a physical person in front of you. Still, you feel a bit better knowing you have some support. The 1980s were referred to as the rapid “AI boom.” Joseph Weizenbaum, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, developed the first chatbot to simulate an entertaining human conversation. He envisioned it as taking on the persona of a psychotherapist. Its original purpose was “to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve the kinds of problems now reserved for humans and improve themselves.” Ideally, a user would input a message on an electric typewriter linked to a mainframe, and shortly after, the “psychotherapist” would respond. Decades later, in 2017, chatbots finally became recognized as a stable form of communication. Because of continuous innovations in technology, chatbots have been created as a type of artificial intelligence application that poses as a sort of digital friend that you can lean on.

O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder à questão.

Uma nova parte do sistema imunológico foi descoberta, e é uma mina de ouro para potenciais antibióticos, de acordo com cientistas.

Pesquisadores em Israel mostraram que uma parte do corpo conhecida por reciclar proteínas possui um modo secreto que libera um arsenal de substâncias químicas, eliminando bactérias.

Eles afirmam que isso transforma nossa compreensão de como estamos protegidos contra infecções e oferece uma nova fonte para a busca de antibióticos, no esforço para combater o problema crescente das superbactérias resistentes às drogas atuais.

A descoberta gira em torno do proteassoma, uma estrutura minúscula encontrada em todas as células do corpo.

Sua principal função é decompor as proteínas antigas em pedaços menores para que possam ser recicladas e utilizadas na produção de novas proteínas.

No entanto, uma série de experimentos, detalhados na revista científica Nature, revelou que o proteassoma detecta quando uma célula foi infectada por bactérias.

A partir desse momento, ele muda de estrutura e função, passando a transformar as proteínas antigas em armas capazes de romper a camada externa das bactérias para eliminá-las.

"Isso é realmente emocionante, porque nunca soubemos que esse processo ocorria", afirmou Yifat Merbl, do Instituto de Ciência, em Israel.

"Descobrimos um novo mecanismo de imunidade que nos permite ter uma defesa contra infecções bacterianas."

"Esse processo acontece em todo o nosso corpo, em todas as células, e gera uma classe totalmente nova de potenciais antibióticos naturais."

A equipe de pesquisa adotou um processo que eles chamam de "revirar o lixo" para encontrar esses antibióticos naturais.

Eles testaram essas substâncias em bactérias cultivadas em laboratório e em camundongos com pneumonia e sepse. Os pesquisadores relataram que os resultados foram comparáveis aos de alguns antibióticos já estabelecidos.

Além disso, ao pegarem células em laboratório e desativarem o proteassoma, perceberam que a infecção por bactérias como a Salmonella tornou-se significativamente mais fácil.

"O mais empolgante é que se trata de um processo totalmente desconhecido, pelo qual as moléculasantigermes são produzidas dentro de nossas células, o que é profundamente importante e surpreendente", diz Daniel Davis, professor de Imunologia da Universidade no Reino Unido.

No entanto, ele advertiu que transformar essa descoberta em uma nova fonte de antibióticos é uma hipótese que "ainda precisa ser testada" e que esse processo levará tempo.

Estima-se que mais de um milhão de pessoas morram por ano devido a infecções resistentes a medicamentos, como os antibióticos.

Diante desse cenário sombrio, a possibilidade de uma nova fonte de antibióticos traz otimismo para alguns cientistas.

"Em anos anteriores, foi necessário escavar o solo para encontrar novos antibióticos. É incrível pensar que possuímos essas substâncias dentro de nós, e que a questão principal é ter a tecnologia necessária para detectá-las", relata Davis.

https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cm2nvk7ypymo.adaptado.

London (CNN) — Brazil’s attorney general has called for social media platforms in the country to be regulated after Elon Musk threatened to disobey a court order banning certain accounts on X and lashed out against “aggressive censorship.”

In a post on X Sunday, Attorney General Jorge Messias wrote: “It is urgent to regulate social networks. We cannot live in a society in which billionaires domiciled abroad have control of social networks and put themselves in a position to violate the rule of law, failing to comply with court orders and threatening our authorities.”

In a statement, Brazil’s Supreme Court described Musk’s defiance as a “flagrant” obstruction of justice and said he should be investigated by the police. Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes announced Sunday that he would open an inquiry into the billionaire businessman who owns X.

The standoff is the latest clash between authorities around the world and Musk – a self-declared “free speech absolutist” who has relaxed X’s content moderation policies and reinstated a number of previously blocked accounts after buying the company, formerly known as Twitter, in 2022.

Orlando Silva, a Brazilian lawmaker aligned with the country’s leftwing government, said he would propose a “responsibilities regime for these digital platforms.” “We have reached the limit!” he posted on X, adding that Musk had disrespected the judiciary. On Saturday, X’s global government affairs team posted that it had been “forced by court decisions to block certain popular accounts in Brazil” and threatened with “daily fines” for non-compliance. “We do not know which posts are alleged to violate the law. We are prohibited from saying which court or judge issued the order, or on what grounds,” they wrote. They do not believe the orders are constitutional and will challenge them legally where possible, they added.

The Supreme Court had ordered that the accounts be blocked as part of its ongoing investigation into “digital militias,” which, among other things, is looking into the spread of misinformation and incitement of crime under the government of former far-right President Jair Bolsonaro.

Social media platforms have been widely viewed as a catalyst for riots in Brazil that took place on January 8 last year, when hundreds of protesters broke into federal government buildings in the capital Brasilia, in scenes reminiscent of the January 6, 2021, insurrection in the United States.

Musk suggested that Moraes was behind the ban, writing Sunday on X that the judge had “brazenly and repeatedly betrayed the constitution and people of Brazil. He should resign or be impeached.”

In a separate post Saturday, he called the court’s decision to block the accounts “aggressive censorship” that “appears to violate the law and will of the people of Brazil.” He said X would defy the court’s order and lift all restrictions.

“As a result, we will probably lose all revenue in Brazil and have to shut down our office there. But principles matter more than profit,” he noted.

X has faced criticism for accommodating government censorship demands in the past, with Musk saying the company has no choice but to comply. For example, it blocked some X accounts in Turkey at the behest of the government ahead of the country’s elections last year, while at the same time contesting the orders in court.

(Internet: < https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/08/tech/elon-musk-brazilinvestigation/index.html> )