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( ) Em geral, nos elementos representativos, o número de elétrons de valência cresce da esquerda para a direita. ( ) Os elementos do grupo 2 são denominados alcalino-terrosos ou terras raras. ( ) À medida que a carga nuclear efetiva aumenta, o raio atômico diminui desde o sódio até o cloro. ( ) Uma afinidade eletrônica grande e positiva significa que o ânion é muito estável porque o átomo tende a aceitar um elétron. ( ) Os elementos do grupo 18 possuem energia de ionização zero.
A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:
T E X T
Britain, Norway and the United States join forces with businesses to protect tropical forests.
Britain, Norway and the United States said Thursday they would join forces with some of the world’s biggest companies in an effort to rally more than $1 billion for countries that can show they are lowering emissions by protecting tropical forests. The goal is to make intact forests more economically valuable than they would be if the land were cleared for timber and agriculture.
The initiative comes as the world loses acre after acre of forests to feed global demand for soy, palm oil, timber and cattle. Those forests, from Brazil to Indonesia, are essential to limiting the linked crises of climate change and a global biodiversity collapse. They are also home to Indigenous and other forest communities. Amazon, Nestlé, Unilever, GlaxoSmithKline and Salesforce are among the companies promising money for the new initiative, known as the LEAF Coalition.
Last year, despite the global downturn triggered by the pandemic, tropical deforestation was up 12 percent from 2019, collectively wiping out an area about the size of Switzerland. That destruction released about twice as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as cars in the United States emit annually.
“The LEAF Coalition is a groundbreaking example of the scale and type of collaboration that is needed to fight the climate crisis and achieve net-zero emissions globally by 2050,” John Kerry, President Biden’s senior climate envoy, said in a statement. “Bringing together government and privatesector resources is a necessary step in supporting the large-scale efforts that must be mobilized to halt deforestation and begin to restore tropical and subtropical forests.”
An existing global effort called REDD+ has struggled to attract sufficient investment and gotten mired in bureaucratic slowdowns. This initiative builds on it, bringing private capital to the table at the country or state level. Until now, companies have invested in forests more informally, sometimes supporting questionable projects that prompted accusations of corruption and “greenwashing,” when a company or brand portrays itself as an environmental steward but its true actions don’t support the claim.
The new initiative will use satellite imagery to verify results across wide areas to guard against those problems. Monitoring entire jurisdictions would, in theory, prevent governments from saving forestland in one place only to let it be cut down elsewhere.
Under the plan, countries, states or provinces with tropical forests would commit to reducing deforestation and degradation. Each year or two, they would submit their results, calculating the number of tons of carbon dioxide reduced by their efforts. An independent monitor would verify their claims using satellite images and other measures. Companies and governments would contribute to a pool of money that would pay the national or regional government at least $10 per ton of reduced carbon dioxide.
Companies will not be allowed to participate unless they have a scientifically sound plan to reach net zero emissions, according to Nigel Purvis, the chief executive of Climate Advisers, a group affiliated with the initiative. “Their number one obligation to the world from a climate standpoint is to reduce their own emissions across their supply chains, across their products, everything,” Mr. Purvis said. He also emphasized that the coalition’s plans would respect the rights of Indigenous and forest communities.
From: www.nytimes.com/April 22, 2021
I. Considera-se o globo terrestre como uma esfera cuja medida do diâmetro é d Km. II. São fixados, na superfície terrestre, dois pontos N e S, diametralmente opostos, denominados de polo norte e polo sul. A reta que contém os pontos N, S e o centro da esfera é denominada de eixo terrestre. III. Meridianos são todas as circunferências na superfície terrestre que contêm os pontos N e S. IV. Paralelos são todas as circunferências resultantes da interseção dos planos perpendiculares ao eixo terrestre com a superfície terrestre.
Considerando M, P e Q pontos que dividem o segmento NS em quatro partes iguais, sendo P o centro da esfera terrestre, pode-se afirmar corretamente que o comprimento de cada um dos dois paralelos (do que está contido no plano perpendicular ao eixo terrestre e que contém o ponto M, e do outro contido no plano perpendicular ao eixo terrestre que contém o ponto Q) é igual a
CASTELLS, Manuel. Redes de indignação e esperança: movimentos sociais na era da Internet. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2015.
Considerando a compreensão de Castells acerca dos movimentos sociais na “era da Internet”, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.
I. O efeito estufa é um mecanismo natural para a regulação da temperatura média da superfície do planeta, que é de cerca de 15°C. Por ser um fenômeno de proteção, a intensificação desse processo é prejudicial para o ecossistema. II. Sem o processo natural do efeito estufa, a existência da maior parte dos seres vivos tal como os conhecemos não seria possível, pois o termômetro indicaria níveis muito baixos de temperatura (em torno de –18°C). III. O efeito estufa é resultante da ação dos gases que constituem a nossa atmosfera, como o ozônio, o metano e o dióxido de carbono, que possibilitam a passagem dos raios solares, mas retêm parte do calor gerado por eles. IV. As emissões globais de metano são grande parte das emissões de gases de efeito estufa, tendo na agricultura sua fonte predominante de emissão.
É correto o que se afirma em
[...] Quem trabalha é quem tem razão Eu digo e não tenho medo de errar O Bonde de São Januário leva mais um operário Sou eu que vou trabalhar [...]
O samba O Bonde de São Januário, escrito em 1940, teve uma versão anterior na qual o autor versa da seguinte forma: “[...]O bonde de São Januário leva mais um sócio otário / só eu não vou trabalhar [...]”.
Esse caso notório de readequação da letra de uma música aos ditames políticos de uma época configura
Atente para o que se afirma a seguir sobre as guerras e conflitos violentos que ocorrem na África atualmente:
I. No Sudão, Congo e Etiópia predominam os conflitos de natureza étnica ou religiosa.
II. No Burundi e Ruanda os conflitos originam-se da disputa pelo poder político de um grupo sobre o outro.
III. Há grupos que disputam pela autonomia de minorias ou pelo controle de territórios e fronteiras.
É correto o que se afirma em
Leia atentamente o seguinte excerto:
“O foguetório, que durou até o começo da madrugada, chamou a atenção dos moradores e pôde ser observado de comunidades circunvizinhas, como os bairros Manoel Sátiro e Novo Mondubim. [...]. A reportagem apurou que a comemoração teria sido promovida por uma facção de origem carioca que atua em Fortaleza e Região Metropolitana. Com o disparo dos rojões, o grupo quis sinalizar para os moradores do Parque São José que assumiu o controle definitivo da área, cujo domínio pertenceria a uma facção inimiga proveniente de São Paulo”.
Facção faz queima de fogos para comemorar.
O Povo, 23 de out. de 2021.
O conceito geográfico que adequadamente expressa as disputas de poder no espaço urbano é denominado
“O sistema clima urbano – SCU visa compreender a organização climática peculiar da cidade e, como tal, é centrado essencialmente na atmosfera que, assim, é encarada como operador. Toda a ação ecológica natural e as associações aos fenômenos da urbanização constituem o conjunto complexo sobre o qual o operador age.”
Monteiro. C. A.F. Teoria e clima urbano.
Mendonça, F.; Monteiro, C. A. F. Clima Urbano. São Paulo.
Contexto. 2009.p.21.
As cidades têm sido cada vez mais um lugar onde a interação entre a sociedade e a natureza têm suscitado diversos tipos de conflito, com repercussões que levam à degradação ambiental de forma espacial e temporal.
Considerando a questão climática e a degradação ambiental nas áreas urbanas, é correto afirmar que
T E X T
EL TIGRE, Venezuela — Thousands of workers are fleeing Venezuela’s state-owned oil company, abandoning once-coveted jobs made worthless by the worst inflation in the world. And now the hemorrhaging is threatening the nation’s chances of overcoming its long economic collapse.
Desperate oil workers and criminals are also stripping the oil company of vital equipment, vehicles, pumps and copper wiring, carrying off whatever they can to make money. The double drain — of people and hardware — is further crippling a company that has been teetering for years yet remains the country’s most important source of income.
The timing could not be worse for Venezuela’s increasingly authoritarian president, Nicolás Maduro, who was re-elected last month in a vote that has been widely condemned by leaders across the hemisphere. Prominent opposition politicians were either barred from competing in the election, imprisoned or in exile.
But while Mr. Maduro has firm control over the country, Venezuela is on its knees economically, buckled by hyperinflation and a history of mismanagement. Widespread hunger, political strife, devastating shortages of medicine and an exodus of well over a million people in recent years have turned this country, once the economic envy of many of its neighbors, into a crisis that is spilling over international borders.
If Mr. Maduro is going to find a way out of the mess, the key will be oil: virtually the only source of hard currency for a nation with the world’s largest estimated petroleum reserves. But each month Venezuela produces less of it. Offices at the state oil company are emptying out, crews in the field are at half strength, pickup trucks are stolen and vital materials vanish. All of this is adding to the severe problems at the company that were already acute because of corruption, poor maintenance, crippling debts, the loss of professionals and even a lack of spare parts.
Now workers at all levels are walking away in large numbers, sometimes literally taking piecesof the company with them, union leaders, oil executives and workers say.
A job with Petróleos de Venezuela, known as Pdvsa, used to be a ticket to the Venezuelan Dream. No more.
Inflation in Venezuela is projected to reach an astounding 13,000 percent this year, according to the International Monetary Fund. When The New York Times interviewed Mr. Navas in May, the monthly salary for a worker like him was barely enough to buy a whole chicken or two pounds of beef. But with prices going up so quickly, it buys even less now.
Junior Martínez, 28, who has worked in the oil industry for eight years, is assembling papers, including his diploma as a chemical engineer. His wife and her daughter left three months ago to earn money in Brazil. “I get 1,400,000 bolívars a week and it isn’t even enough to buy a carton of eggs or a tube of toothpaste,”Mr. Martínez said of his salary in bolívars, Venezuela’s currency.
Mr. Martínez’s father, Ovidio Martínez, 55, recalled growing up here when the oil boom began. He cried as he spoke of his son’s determination to leave the country. “You watch your children leave and you can’t stop them,” the elder Mr. Martínez said, fighting back tears. “In this country, they don’t have a future.”
In El Tigre, hundreds of people stood in line one recent morning outside a supermarket, many waiting since the evening before to buy whatever food they could.
From: www.nytimes.com/June 14, 2018. Adapted.