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Em antigos relógios de parede era comum o uso de um pêndulo realizando um movimento harmônico simples. Considere que um desses pêndulos oscila de modo que vai de uma extremidade a outra em 0,5 s. Assim, a frequência de oscilação desse pêndulo é, em Hz,

Considerando a atuação e a dinâmica das massas de ar na América do Sul, analise as seguintes afirmações:

I. A massa de ar equatorial continental – MEC – atua na porção centro-ocidental da planície Amazônica e tem, como uma de suas características, elevada temperatura.

II. A massa tropical continental – MTC – forma-se na região central da América do Sul no final do inverno e início da primavera.

III. A massa tropical atlântica – MTA – possui características de umidade e temperatura baixas, além de alta pressão.

Está correto o que se afirma em

A crise do Canal de Suez se iniciou em julho de 1956 quando o presidente egípcio Gamal Abdel Nasser nacionalizou o canal, a única ligação entre o Mediterrâneo e o Mar Vermelho e principal via para transporte de petróleo dos países árabes para a Europa. Além da perda econômica muito significativa para a França e a Inglaterra, a crise de Suez demonstrou de modo definitivo
Se as medidas dos comprimentos dos lados de um triângulo são respectivamente 4 m, 6 m e 8 m, então, a medida da área desse triângulo, em m2, é

T E X T


Can you learn in your sleep?


Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that canbe seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

"When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

"Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

As to the results of the research, the participants who took a nap

TEXTO 3


Sinopse do filme Capitão América: Guerra Civil


Capitão América: Guerra Civil encontra Steve Rogers (Chris Evans) liderando o recém-formado time de Vingadores em seus esforços continuados para proteger a humanidade. Mas, depois que um novo incidente envolvendo os Vingadores resulta num dano colateral, a pressão política se levanta para instaurar um sistema de contagem liderado por um órgão governamental para supervisionar e dirigir a equipe.

O novo status quo divide os Vingadores, resultando em dois campos: um liderado por Steve Rogers e seu desejo de que os Vingadores permaneçam livres para defender a humanidade sem a interferência do governo; o outro seguindo a surpreendente decisão de Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) em apoio à supervisão e contagem do governo.

Capitão América 3 tem direção dos irmãos Joe e Anthony Russo, produção de Kevin Feige e grande elenco formado por Scarlett Johansson (Viúva Negra), Sebastian Stan (Soldado Invernal), Anthony Mackie (Falcão), Emily Van Camp (Agente 13), Don Cheadle (Máquina de Combate), Jeremy Renner (Gavião Arqueiro), Chadwick Boseman (Pantera Negra), Paul Bettany (Visão), Elizabeth Olsen (Feiticeira Escarlate), Pail Rudd (Homem-Formiga), Frank Grillo (Ossos Cruzados), William Hurt (General Thunderbolt) e Daniel Brühl (Barão Zenom).

Disponível em: http://www.adorocinema.com/noticias/filmes/noticia118069/. Acesso em: 02.11.2018.

Analisando o verso do poema “forneces braços para o senhor burguês” (linha 69), a figura de linguagem que aí se destaca é
A nova geografia econômica que interpreta a geração e a distribuição de riquezas no mundo contemporâneo enxerga um circuito de relações cada vez mais dinâmico na evolução do conjunto produção/consumo/território. No que diz respeito a essa discussão, é verdadeiro afirmar que

Segundo nos informa Darcy Ribeiro (1995, p.194), em fins do século XVI, a colônia possuía 3 cidades, a maior delas, Salvador, então sede do Governo Geral, contava com aproximadamente 15 mil habitantes; no final do século XVII, salvador tinha em torno de 30 mil habitantes e Recife tinha 20 mil. Ao final do século XVIII, enquanto cidades centenárias como Salvador e Recife tinham por volta de 40 mil e 25 mil habitantes, respectivamente, a jovem cidade de Vila Rica, hoje Ouro Preto, elevada à categoria de Vila somente em 1711, já possuía cerca de 30 mil habitantes.

RIBEIRO, Darcy. O povo brasileiro: A formação e o sentido do Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995, p. 194.

O fenômeno demográfico do rápido crescimento populacional de Vila rica (Ouro Preto) no século XVIII é atribuído

Leia atentamente o seguinte excerto:

“O rádio cresceu no início dos anos 50, quando houve um aumento da publicidade. As populares radionovelas, por exemplo, tinham como complemento propagandas de produtos de limpeza e toalete. Na televisão, a publicidade não se limitava a vender produtos, e as próprias empresas eram produtoras dos programas que patrocinavam. Houve um aumento da tiragem dos jornais e revistas, e popularizaram-se as fotonovelas, lançadas no início da década. O cinema e o teatro também participaram desse processo, tanto do lado das produções de caráter popular quanto das produções mais sofisticadas.(...) Se o otimismo e a esperança implicaram profundas alterações na vida da população em todo o mundo, permitindo, não a todos, mas a uma parcela – os setores médios dos centros urbanos –, consumir novos e mais produtos, por outro lado, a vontade do novo trazia embutido, em várias áreas da cultura, o desejo de transformar a realidade de um país subdesenvolvido, de retirá-lo do atraso, de construir uma nação realmente independente”.

KORNIS, Mônica Almeida. Sociedade e cultura nos anos 1950. FGV CPDOC – O Governo Juscelino Kubitschek.

Disponível em: https://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/artigos/Sociedade/ Anos1950.

Partindo do trecho citado, é correto concluir que

As variáveis que são utilizadas para determinar a densidade populacional são as seguintes:
Quantos são os valores inteiros que o número real k pode assumir, de modo que as raízes da equação x2 – 3x + k = 0 sejam reais não nulas e de sinais contrários, e que a equação x2 + kx + 1 = 0 não tenha raízes reais?

Considerando os solos e seus processos de formação, analise as seguintes afirmações.

I. O solo é formado por um conjunto de corpos naturais tridimensionais, resultantes da ação integrada, entre outras coisas, do clima e dos organismos sobre o relevo.

II. Os solos alóctones resultam do intemperismo da rocha subjacente.

III. A adição pode ocorrer através da lixiviação ou erosão dos solos.

Está correto o que se afirma somente em

Dois resistores idênticos são ligados em paralelo a uma mesma bateria. Considere duas massas de água m1 e m2, com m1 = 2m2 e temperaturas iniciais iguais. Se cada resistor é mergulhado em uma das massas de água, é correto afirmar que a quantidade de calor Q1 passada para a massa m1 e Q2, para m2, são tais que
Considerando as principais características dos domínios Bacteria, Archaeae e Eukarya, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.

Escreva V ou F, conforme seja verdadeiro ou falso o que se afirma a seguir sobre as características das diversas fontes de energia e seus impactos no meio ambiente.

( ) O petróleo tem sido a fonte de energia mais importante no mundo desde a segunda Revolução Industrial, embora, na última década, tenha perdido demasiadamente sua expressão em função da radical decisão dos Estados Unidos de abandonar o consumo de seus derivados na indústria e na produção de combustíveis.

( ) Para a geração de energia em usinas nucleares, ocorre um processo controlado de desintegração dos átomos, porém, os acidentes com escape de material radioativo para a atmosfera causam distúrbios socioambientais imediatos e a longo prazo.

( ) Nas usinas eólicas, a produção de energia é limpa, mas há impactos socioambientais marcantes, tais como a emissão de ruído, o impacto visual e as interferências eletromagnéticas em pessoas.

( ) A despeito das inconveniências econômicas, ambientais e políticas, fontes de energia tradicionais como o petróleo e o carvão mineral continuam sendo consumidas em grande escala em países de economia capitalista avançada.

Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:

O Estado moderno pode ser corretamente definido como

T E X T


Can you learn in your sleep?


Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that canbe seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

"When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

"Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

The new investigation was led by researchers working at
Considere um veículo de massa constante que se desloca em linha reta. Este veículo tem seu momento linear dado por p = 4t , onde t é o tempo e a constante multiplicativa 4 tem a unidade de medida apropriada. Assim, é correto afirmar que
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