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T E X T


I Used to Fear Being a Nobody. Then I Left

Social Media.


By Bianca Brooks


“What’s happening?”

I stare blankly at the little box as I try to think of something clever for my first tweet. I settle on what’s at the top of my mind: “My only #fear is being a nobody.” How could I know this exchange would begin a dialogue that would continue nearly every day for the next nine years of my life?

I began using Twitter in 2010 as a newly minted high school freshman. Though it began as a hub for my quirky adolescent thoughts, over the years it became an archive of my emotional and intellectual voice — a kind of virtual display for the evolution of my politics and artistic identity. Butafter nine years, it was time to close the archive. My wanting to share my every waking thought became eclipsed by a desire for an increasingly rare commodity — a private life.

Though I thought disappearing from social media would be as simple as logging off, my refusal to post anything caused a bit of a stir among my small but loyal following. I began to receive emails from strangers asking me where I had gone and when I would return. One message read: “Not to be over familiar, but you have to come back eventually. You’re a writer after all. How will we read your writing?” Another follower inquired, “Where will you go?”

The truth is I have not gone anywhere. I am, in fact, more present than ever

Over time, I have begun to sense these messages reveal more than a lack of respect for privacy. I realize that to many millennials, a life without a social media presence is not simply a private life; it is no life at all: We possess a widespread, genuine fear of obscurity.

When I consider the near-decade I have spent on social media, this worry makes sense. As with many in my generation, Twitter was my entry into conversations happening on a global scale; long before my byline graced any publication, tweeting was how I felt a part of the world. Twitter functions much like an echo chamber dependent on likes and retweets, and gaining notoriety is as easy as finding someone to agree with you. For years I poured my opinions, musings and outrage onto my timeline, believing I held an indispensable place in a vital sociopolitical experiment.

But these passionate, public observations were born of more than just a desire to speak my mind — I was measuring my individual worth in constant visibility. Implicit in my follower’s question “Where will you go?” is the resounding question “How will we know where you’ve gone?” Privacy is considered a small exchange for the security of being well known and well liked.

After all, a private life boasts no location markers or story updates. The idea that the happenings of our lives would be constrained to our immediate families, friends and real-life communities is akin to social death in a world measured by followers, views, likes and shares.

I grow weary when I think of this as the new normal for what is considered to be a fruitful personal life. Social media is no longer a mere public extension of our private socialization; it has become a replacement for it. What happens to our humanity when we relegate our real lives to props for the performance of our virtual ones?

For one, a predominantly online existence can lull us into a dubious sense of having enacted concrete change, simply because of a tweet or Instagram post. As “hashtag activism” has obscured longstanding traditions of assembly and protest, there’s concern that a failure to transition from the keyboard to in-person organization will effectively stall or kill the momentum of political movements. (See: Occupy Wall Street.)

The sanctity of our most intimate experiences is also diminished. My grandfather Charles Shaw — a notable musician whose wisdoms and jazz scene tales I often shared on Twitter — passed away last year. Rather than take adequate time to privately mourn the loss of his giant influence in my life alongside those who loved him most, I quickly posted a lengthy tribute to him to my followers. At the time I thought, “How will they remember him if I don’t acknowledge his passing?”

Perhaps at the root of this anxiety over being forgotten is an urgent question of how one ought to form a legacy; with the rise of automation, a widening wealth gap and an unstable political climate, it is easy to feel unimportant. It is almost as if the world is too big and we are much too small to excel in it in any meaningful way. We feel we need as many people as possible to witness our lives, so as not to be left out of a story that is being written too fast by people much more significant than ourselves.

“The secret of a full life is to live and relate to others as if they might not be there tomorrow, as if you might not be there tomorrow,” the writer Anais Nin said. “This feeling has become a rarity, and rarer every day now that we have reached a hastier and more superficial rhythm, now that we believe we are in touch with a greater amount of people. This is the illusion which might cheat us of being in touch deeply with the one breathing next to us.”

I think of those words and at once any fear of obscurity is eclipsed by much deeper ones — the fear of forgoing the sacred moments of life, of never learning to be completely alone, of not bearing witness to the incredible lives of those who surround me.

I observe the world around me. It is big and moving fast. “What’s happening?” I think to myself.

I’m just beginning to find out.


From:www.nytimes.com/Oct. 1, 2019

The author states that people are so much into social media that it has
Em um plano munido com o sistema de coordenadas cartesianas usual, fixada uma unidade de comprimento (u.c), a equação x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y + 1 = 0 representa uma circunferência com centro no ponto P(p,q) cuja medida do raio é r u.c. Assim, é correto afirmar que o valor da soma p + q + r é igual
Considere um vagão com uma carga líquida,que é puxado por uma locomotiva em uma via reta horizontal. Despreze os atritos e considere que a força aplicada pela locomotiva ao vagão seja constante. Caso haja vazamento dessa carga, o momento linear do conjunto formado pelo vagão e a carga no seu interior
Após o fim do Império Romano do Ocidente em 476 d.C., o panorama político e cultural europeu encontrou-se extremamente fragmentado e, aos poucos, iniciou-se o processo feudal. Considerando essa proposição, escreva V ou F conforme seja verdadeiro ou falso o que se afirma a seguir sobre a periodização relativa ao feudalismo.
( ) Entre os séculos VI-VIII formaram-se os reinos romanos-bárbaros. ( ) No ano de 800 d.C. Carlos Magno criou o Sacro Império Romano-Germânico. ( ) O Sacro Império Romano-Germânico foi dividido em três partes em 843. ( ) O sistema Feudal firmou-se em toda a Europa entre os séculos IX e XI d.C.
A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:
A partir do século V d.C., a língua latina, utilizada em todo o Império Romano, passou a ser influenciada pelos idiomas falados por populações que invadiram o Império, especialmente os germânicos e os árabes, dando surgimento às Línguas Românicas, também conhecidas como Línguas Neolatinas. São línguas neolatinas que surgiram do encontro do latim com outros idiomas:
A medida, em m2 , da área da região interior à circunferência que circunscreve um triângulo equilátero cuja medida do lado é igual a 12 m é
A trajetória, em um plano, de um projétil lançado do solo fazendo um ângulo α, 00 <α< 900 , com a direção horizontal é uma parábola. Se a trajetória de um determinado projétil pode ser descrita matematicamente pela equação y = 0,2 x – 0,000625 x2 , na qual y indica a altura, em unidades de comprimento (u.c.), alcançada pelo projétil desde seu lançamento até o ponto de retorno ao solo, pode-se afirmar corretamente que a altura máxima atingida pelo projétil, em u.c., é igual
Diversas características culturais marcaram o Brasil durante o Segundo Reinado (1840-1889), dentre as quais destacou-se

T E X T


Can you learn in your sleep?


Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.

Those among us who grew up with the popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase "Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a problem that puts him through a series of hilarious situations.

The idea that we can learn in our sleep has captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike; the possibility that one day we could all drastically improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is very appealing. But could such a scenario ever become a reality?

New research seems to suggest so, and scientists in general are moving closer to understanding precisely what goes on in the brain when we sleep and how the restful state affects learning and memory formation.

For instance, previous studies have shown that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles, or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that canbe seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or strengthen, them by using auditory cues.

However, the mechanism behind such achievements remained mysterious until now. Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms would help with memorizing new information.

Therefore, a team of researchers set out to investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were published in the journal Current Biology.

Cairney explains the motivation for the research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't know the neural processes that underpin this phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in previous research, so we wanted to investigate whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If they support memory reactivation, we further reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory signals at the time that these spindles took place."

To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger the reactivation of the newly learned picture memories," explains Cairney.

"When the participants woke after a good period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again with the words and asked them to recall the object and scene pictures. We found that their memory was better for the pictures that were connected to the words that were presented in sleep, compared to those words that weren't," Cairney reports.

Using an EEG machine, the researchers were also able to see that playing the associated words to reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the participants were processing memories related to objects or memories related to scenes.

"Our data suggest that spindles facilitate processing of relevant memory features during sleep and that this process boosts memory consolidation," says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously," he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now show that sleep spindles might represent the key underlying mechanism."

Cairney adds, "When you are awake you learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply them correctly when you need them the most. This is important for how we learn but also for how we might help retain healthy brain functions."

Staresina suggests that this newly gained knowledge could lead to effective strategies for boosting memory while sleeping.

So, though learning things from scratch à la "Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality, we can safely say that our brains continue to learn while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot closer to understanding why this happens.

From: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/Mar/2018

According to the text, the idea that sleep is relevant to learning
Na orientação geográfica, a contagem dos rumos pode se originar no ponto norte. Sabendo que norte é a referência 0°, o ponto correspondente à referência 225° é

Em relação ao sistema reprodutor humano, escreva V ou F conforme seja verdadeiro ou falso o que se afirma a seguir:

( ) A próstata é a glândula responsável pela produção dos espermatozoides e da testosterona.

( ) A uretra masculina é comum ao sistema reprodutor e excretor, ou seja, por ela saem o sêmen e a urina.

( ) A vagina é formada por: lábios menores e maiores; clítoris e orifício da uretra.

( ) Nos ovários são produzidos os hormônios estrogênio e progesterona, e as células reprodutivas femininas.

Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:

Americans May Add Five Times More Plastic to the Oceans Than Thought

The United States is using more
plastic than ever, and waste exported for
recycling is often mishandled, according
to a new study.
The United States contribution
to coastal plastic pollution worldwide is
significantly larger than previously
thought, possibly by as much as five
times, according to a study published
Friday. The research, published in Science
Advances, is the sequel to a 2015 paper
by the same authors. Two factors
contributed to the sharp increase:
Americans are using more plastic than
ever and the current study included
pollution generated by United States
exports of plastic waste, while the earlier
one did not.
The United States, which does
not have sufficient infrastructure to
handle its recycling demands at home,
exports about half of its recyclable waste.
Of the total exported, about 88 percent
ends up in countries considered to have
inadequate waste management.
“When you consider how much
of our plastic waste isn’t actually
recyclable because it is low-value,
contaminated or difficult to process, it’s
not surprising that a lot of it ends up
polluting the environment,” said the
study’s lead author, Kara Lavender Law,
research professor of oceanography at
Sea Education Association, in a
statement.
The study estimates that in
2016, the United States contributed
between 1.1 and 2.2 million metric tons of
plastic waste to the oceans through a
combination of littering, dumping and
mismanaged exports. At a minimum,
that’s almost double the total estimated
waste in the team’s previous study. At the
high end, it would be a fivefold increase
over the earlier estimate.
Nicholas Mallos, a senior
director at the Ocean Conservancy and an
author of the study, said the upper
estimate would be equal to a pile of
plastic covering the area of the White
House Lawn and reaching as high as the
Empire State Building.
The ranges are wide partly
because “there’s no real standard for
being able to provide good quality data on
collection and disposal of waste in
general,” said Ted Siegler, a resource
economist at DSM Environmental
Solutions, a consulting firm, and an
author of the study. Mr. Siegler said the
researchers had evaluated waste-disposal
practices in countries around the world
and used their “best professional
judgment” to determine the lowest and
highest amounts of plastic waste likely to
escape into the environment. They settled
on a range of 25 percent to 75 percent.
Tony Walker, an associate
professor at the Dalhousie University
School for Resource and Environmental
Studies in Halifax, Nova Scotia, said that
analyzing waste data can amount to a
“data minefield” because there are no
data standards across municipalities.
Moreover, once plastic waste is shipped
overseas, he said, data is often not
recorded at all.
Nonetheless, Dr. Walker, who
was not involved in the study, said it
could offer a more accurate accounting of
plastic pollution than the previous study,
which likely underestimated the United
States’ contribution. “They’ve put their
best estimate, as accurate as they can be
with this data,” he said, and used ranges,
which underscores that the figures are
estimates.
Of the plastics that go into the
United States recycling system, about 9
percent of the country’s total plastic
waste, there is no guarantee that they’ll
be remade into new consumer goods. New
plastic is so inexpensive to manufacture
that only certain expensive, high-grade
plastics are profitable to recycle within the
United States, which is why roughly half
of the country’s plastic waste was shipped
abroad in 2016, the most recent year for
which data is available.
Since 2016, however, the
recycling landscape has changed. China
and many countries in Southeast Asia
have stopped accepting plastic waste
imports. And lower oil prices have further
reduced the market for recycled plastic.
“What the new study really underscores is
we have to get a handle on source
reduction at home,” Mr. Mallos said. “That
starts with eliminating unnecessary and
problematic single-use plastics.”

From: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/
The verbs in “...ends up in countries considered to have inadequate waste management” (lines 24-25) are, respectively,

Considerando as imagens socialmente construídas a partir de uma perspectiva externa a respeito do Nordeste brasileiro, analise o que se diz a seguir e assinale com Vo que for verdadeiro e com Fo que for falso.



( )As imagens do Nordeste estão ainda ligadas ao chamado coronelismo, ao cangaceirismo e à persistência de formas arcaicas de relações sociais.

( )O Nordeste é visto como uma região rica pela diversidade cultural, econômica e identitária que superou seus dilemas econômicos e sociais, e atualmente se encontra totalmente integrada à moderna cultura nacional.


( )No plano cultural, as imagens do Nordeste não estão associadas às manifestações da chamada cultura popular: maracatu, bumba-meu-boi, reisado, coco de roda, chegança, frevo, caboclinho, literatura de cordel, xilogravuras, rabequeiros, ciranda, pastoril, entre outras. ( )As expressões “paraíbas”, “baianos”, “cabeças-chatas” usadas para nomear migrantes nordestinos instalados em outras regiões, mas, sobretudo, no Sul e no Sudeste do Brasil, carregam uma forte carga de preconceito, discriminação e de exclusão.

A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:

É central, na teoria do materialismo histórico dialético de Karl Marx, a relação entre capital e trabalho. Nesta perspectiva teórica, a referida relação é fundada na contradição e na exploração do capital sobre o trabalho. E é nesta relação de exploração que se explica a dominação de uma classe – a que é detentora dos meios produtivos – sobre as outras, nas sociedades modeladas, pelo sistema econômico capitalista.

Sobre a relação capital e trabalho, na teoria marxiana, é correto dizer que

A partir do governo do Presidente Juscelino Kubistchek, os camponeses entraram de vez na vida política nacional. Questões como a desigualdade campo-cidade, a reforma agrária e os direitos trabalhistas para os trabalhadores do campo passaram a fazer parte dos discursos cotidianos. Nesse processo se desenvolveram e ganharam atenção as Ligas Camponesas. Sobre essas ligas, é correto dizer que

Segundo dados da Secretaria de Segurança Pública e Defesa Social do Estado do Ceará (SSPDS-CE) foram registrados 112 assassinatos de pessoas entre 0 a 18 anos de idade nos três primeiros meses de 2021. As mortes provocadas pela Covid-19 praticamente no mesmo período (de janeiro a abril de 2021) no Ceará, para a mesma faixa etária, foi de 42 pessoas. Este dado demonstra que a violência tem ceifado mais vidas de crianças e jovens no Ceará do que a pandemia com que ainda nos defrontamos. E conforme o Centro de Defesa da Criança e do Adolescente do Ceará (CEDECA-CE), a maior parte dessas pessoas eram moradoras de territórios de vulnerabilidade social.

Partindo de uma perspectiva sociológica geral, avalie as seguintes proposições que versam sobre as causas desse trágico fenômeno social, e assinale com V as verdadeiras e com F as falsas.

( ) A vida de crianças e adolescentes em contextos de confrontos de territórios deflagrados por coletivos criminosos como as facções explicam, em parte, esse elevado número de mortes.

( ) A violência sobre essa faixa etária pode ser verificada, principalmente, pelo avanço no desvio de caráter generalizado que atinge todos que vivem em áreas com maior falta de moralização.

( ) O acesso precário à rede de seguridade social e a falta de políticas específicas para o enfrentamento de homicídios de crianças e adolescentes periféricos são fatores que explicam essa estatística.

( ) O fator preponderante para combater tal questão social é o reforço em armamentos adequados para as forças de segurança pública, que devem ser melhor equipadas nas periferias.

A sequência correta, de cima para baixo, é:

A primeira teoria atômica descrita por Epicuro (341 a.C. – 271 a.C.) na carta a Heródoto e resgatada por Titus Lucretius Carus (94 a.C. – 50 a.C.) na obra De Rerum Natura (sec. I a.C.) afirma que “alguns corpos são compostos, enquanto outros são elementos de que se compõem os corpos compostos”.

Esses elementos são os átomos, indivisíveis e imutáveis. Alguns séculos depois esse postulado foi admitido por

Em relação aos vírus, escreva V ou F conforme seja verdadeiro ou falso o que se afirma nos itens abaixo.

( ) O genoma do vírus é de DNA ou de RNA.

( ) Fora das células hospedeiras, os vírus existem como partículas multicelulares.

( ) Os vírus são afetados por antibióticos que têm como alvo a parede celular, o cloroplasto ou os vacúolos.

( ) Os vírus são parasitas extracelulares obrigatórios das bactérias.

Está correta, de cima para baixo, a seguinte sequência:

Fermentação é
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