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Read the following text to answer the question.


By Leo Selivan


In this article, informed by the Lexical Approach, I reflect on grammar instruction in the classroom […]. I consider the problems with ‘traditional’ grammar teaching before arguing that what we actually need is more grammar input as well as showing how lexis can provide necessary ‘crutches’ for the learner.


Lexis = vocabulary + grammar


The shift in ELT from grammar to lexis mirrors a similar change in the attitude of linguists. In the past linguists were preoccupied with the grammar of language; however the advances in corpus linguistics have pushed lexis to the forefront. The term ‘lexis’, which was traditionally used by linguists, is a common word these days and frequently used even in textbooks.


Why use a technical term borrowed from the realm of linguistics instead of the word ‘vocabulary’? Quite simply because vocabulary is typically seen as individual words (often presented in lists) whereas lexis is a somewhat wider concept and consists of collocations, chunks and formulaic expressions. It also includes certain patterns that were traditionally associated with the grammar of a language, e.g. If I were you…, I haven’t seen you for ages etc.


Recognising certain grammar structures as lexical items means that they can be introduced much earlier, without structural analysis or elaboration. Indeed, since the concept of notions and functions made its way into language teaching, particularly as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) gained prominence, some structures associated with grammar started to be taught lexically (or functionally). I’d like to is not taught as ‹the conditional› but as a chunk expressing desire. Similarly many other ‹traditional› grammar items can be introduced lexically relatively early on.


Less grammar or more grammar?


You are, no doubt, all familiar with students who on one hand seem to know the ‘rules’ of grammar but still fail to produce grammatically correct sentences when speaking or, on the other, sound unnatural and foreign-like even when their sentences are grammatically correct. Michael Lewis, who might be considered the founder of the Lexical Approach, once claimed that there was no direct relationship between the knowledge of grammar and speaking. In contrast, the knowledge of formulaic language has been shown by research to have a significant bearing on the natural language production.


Furthermore, certain grammar rules are practically impossible to learn. Dave Willis cites the grammar of orientation (which includes the notoriously difficult present perfect and the uses of certain modal verbs) as particularly resistant to teaching. The only way to grasp their meaning is through continuous exposure and use.


Finally, even the most authoritative English grammars never claim to provide a comprehensive description of all the grammar, hence the word ‘introduction’ often used in their titles (for instance, Huddleston & Pullum’s A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar or Halliday’s An Introduction to Functional Grammar).


If grammarians do not even attempt to address all areas of grammar, how can we, practitioners, cover all the aspects of grammar in our teaching, especially if all we seem to focus on is a limited selection of discrete items, comprised mostly of tenses and a handful of modal verbs? It would seem that we need to expose our students to a lot of naturally occurring language and frequently draw their attention to various grammar points as they arise.


For example, while teaching the expression fall asleep / be asleep you can ask your students:


• Don’t make any noise – she’s fallen asleep.

• Don’t make any noise – she’s asleep.


What does’s stand for in each of these cases (is or has)?


One of the fathers of the Communicative Language Teaching Henry Widdowson advocated using lexical items as a starting point and then ‘showing how they need to be grammatically modified to be communicatively effective’ (1990:95). For example, when exploring a text with your students, you may come across a sentence like this:


They’ve been married for seven years.


You can ask your students: When did they get married? How should you change the sentence if the couple you are talking about is no longer married?


The above demonstrates how the teacher should be constantly on the ball and take every opportunity to draw students’ attention to grammar. Such short but frequent ‘grammar spots’ will help to slowly raise students’ awareness and build their understanding of the English grammar system.

[…]


Conclusion


So is there room for grammar instruction in the classroom? Certainly yes. But the grammar practice should always start with the exploitation of lexical items. Exposing students to a lot of natural and contextualised examples will offer a lexical way into the grammar of the language.


To sum up, grammar should play some role in language teaching but should not occupy a big part of class time. Instead grammar should be delivered in small but frequent portions. Students should be encouraged to collect a lot of examples of a particular structure before being invited to analyse it. Hence, analysis should be preceded by synthesis.


Lastly, language practitioners should bear in mind that grammar acquisition is an incremental process which requires frequent focus and refocus on the items already studied.



Available at: https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/professionaldevelopment/teachers/knowing-subject/articles/grammar-vs-lexisor-grammar-through. Accessed on: April 29, 2024.

The conjunction whereas in “Quite simply because vocabulary is typically seen as individual words (often presented in lists) whereas lexis is a somewhat wider concept and consists of collocations, chunks and formulaic expressions.” is closest in meaning to
O florentino Nicolau Maquiavel é considerado pela maioria dos historiadores da política como o primeiro grande pensador moderno a romper com a visão aristotélica sobre o sentido da vida política. Se para o filósofo grego o exercício da vida na polis representava a consumação da natureza racional do homem e a manifestação maior da sua excelência e do bem, Maquiavel, nas palavras de Pierre Manent: “foi o primeiro dos mestres da suspeita... o primeiro a trazer a suspeita para o ponto estratégico da vida dos homens: seu convívio, sua vida política. Se empenhou, Maquiavel, em nos convencer do caráter central ou substancial do mal na coisa pública”.
MANENT, Pierre. História intelectual do liberalismo: dez lições. Rio de Janeiro: Imago Ed., 1990. P. 28-29/ adaptado.
A partir da leitura do trecho acima e levando em consideração o surgimento do pensamento político moderno, em Maquiavel, analise as seguintes proposições:
I. O pensamento político de Maquiavel foi inovador em relação ao pensamento clássico, por considerar que não há um “bem” absoluto em contraposição a um “mal” a ser combatido. Em certas situações, o “bem” advém e é mantido pelo “mal”.
II. Maquiavel e praticamente todos os filósofos da modernidade negavam a existência do bem comum. Uma característica marcante na concepção de política moderna era a de que a conquista e o exercício do poder político era o principal elemento a considerar.
III. Muito influenciado pelas disputas políticas de seu tempo, Maquiavel baseou-se na experiência concreta da coisa pública. Ao contrário dos antigos que viam a política como a realização do fim último da cidadania, ele procurou descrever o processo político de seu tempo.
É correto o que se afirma em
No Brasil, as classes latossolos e argissolos ocupam aproximadamente 58% da área superficial. Dentre as principais características desses solos encontra(m)-se
Ao longo do desenvolvimento embrionário humano ocorrem diferentes eventos celulares. Tendo como exemplo uma gestação de 2 meses e meio (10 semanas), quais as recomendações mais adequadas à mãe neste período?
Read the news article to answer question.


Schools closed, warnings issued as Asia swelters in extreme heatwave


South and Southeast Asia braced for more extreme heat on Sunday as authorities across the region issued health warnings and residents fled to parks and air-conditioned malls for relief.

A wave of exceptionally hot weather has blasted the region over the past week, sending the mercury as high as 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) and forcing thousands of schools to tell students to stay home.

The Philippines announced on Sunday the suspension of in-person classes at all public schools for two days after a record-shattering day of heat in the capital Manila.

In Thailand, where at least 30 people have died of heatstroke so far this year, the meteorological department warned of "severe conditions" after temperatures in a northern province exceeded 44.1C (111.4F) on Saturday.

And in Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, India and Bangladesh, forecasters warned that temperatures could exceed 40C in the coming days as people endured searing heat and stifling humidity.

"I dare not go out in the daytime. I am worried we would get heatstroke," said a 39 year-old cashier in Myanmar’s Yangon who gave her name as San Yin.

She said she has been going to a park with her husband and four-year-old son at night to escape the heat of their fourth-floor apartment.

"This is the only spot we can stay to avoid the heat in our neighbourhood," she said.

Global temperatures hit record highs last year, and the United Nations weather and climate agency said Tuesday that Asia was warming at a particularly rapid pace.


France24. (2024, April 28). Schools closed, warnings issued as Asia swelters in extreme heatwave. Retrieved from: https://www.france24.com
With regard to the heatwave conditions in South and Southeast Asia, which measure has been reported as an action taken by residents to cope with the extreme temperatures?
O corpo dos representantes do filo Mollusca apresenta
Segundo a teoria econômica de Karl Marx (apud SELL, 2015) o lucro do capitalista se origina da produção de Mais-Valia na exploração do seu trabalhador. Em síntese, a Mais-Valia é o tempo de trabalho não pago pelo capitalista ao trabalhador que executa horas a mais sem receber por esse tempo gasto. É o trabalho excedente não pago. Vamos imaginar que em uma jornada diária de oito (8) horas, o trabalhador receba o equivalente ao seu salário ao final do mês nas duas (2) primeiras horas deste dia. Assim, o restante das 6 horas que passa trabalhando equivale às horas a mais (a Mais-Valia) não pagas pelo patrão. E para Marx, existem dois tipos de Mais-Valia no sistema capitalista: a Mais-Valia Absoluta, que é aquela obtida pelo aumento da jornada de trabalho, sem reajuste real dos ganhos do trabalhador; e a Mais-Valia Relativa, obtida pelo aumento da produtividade do trabalhador através do uso de maquinários e tecnologias sem o acréscimo das horas de trabalho.
SELL, Carlos Eduardo. Sociologia Clássica: Marx, Durkheim e Weber. 7ª ed. Petrópolis-RJ: Vozes, 2015.
Assim, tendo como referência essa concepção teórica de Karl Marx sobre Mais-Valia, é correto afirmar que
Marque a alternativa que apresenta apenas preposições.
Construções civis chamadas de barragens foram temas bastante explorados nos noticiários dos últimos meses. De modo simplificado, trata-se de uma parede vertical que serve para impedir a passagem ou saída de um fluido de uma dada região. Tem-se como exemplos os açudes ou as barragens de contenção de resíduos lamacentos de mineração. Considerando a face da parede de uma barragem que esteja submetida à pressão hidrostática do fluido que ela represa, é correto afirmar que essa pressão

Para o atendimento aos alunos com respeito às suas diferenças, é fundamental conhecer as limitações impostas pela deficiências e/ou transtornos globais do desenvolvimento, sendo essencial a construção do PDI. O PDI do aluno permite identificá-lo a partir das suas características familiares, limitações e possibilidades educativas, tendo como objetivo a busca pela qualidade do ensino. O que se almeja com o PDI é buscar as soluções para as necessidades educacionais especiais do aluno, viabilizando o seu sucesso no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. O que significa a sigla PDI?

"Even though it was raining, they went for a walk."

Choose the option which has the same meaning and idea as the sentence in italics:

Considerando−se a BNCC – Ensino Fundamental: Língua Inglesa – Anos Finais, avaliar se as afirmativas são certas (C) ou erradas (E) e assinalar a sequência correspondente.
( ) O eixo Oralidade tem seu foco na compreensão (ou escuta) e na produção oral (ou fala).
( ) O eixo Leitura está sob o foco da construção de significados.
( ) O eixo Escrita enfatiza a natureza processual e individual da produção de textos.
DADOS QUE PODEM SER USADOS NESTA PROVA:

ELEMENTO QUÍMICO NÚMERO ATÔMICO MASSA ATÔMICA

H 1 1,0

C 6 12,0

O 8 16,0

F 9 19,0

Na 11 23,0

Mg 12 24,3

Al 13 27,0

Si 14 28,1

S 16 32,0

Cl 17 35,5

Ti 22 47,9

Cr 24 52,0

Fe 26 56,0

Ni 28 58,7

Cd 48 112,4

Ra 88 226

U 92 238
Quando se fala em corrosão, é comum vir à mente a corrosão de metais, principalmente a do ferro, que gera a ferrugem. Porém, outros materiais podem sofrer corrosão, tais como os polímeros e as estruturas feitas de concreto armado. Tal processo representa para a sociedade uma grande perda econômica, pois todo tipo de corrosão está relacionado à diminuição do tempo de vida de um material. No que diz respeito a esse assunto, assinale a afirmação verdadeira.
The Impact of Globali-zation: Opportunities and Challenges

In today’s interconnected world, the concept of globalization plays a significant role. Globalization refers to the increased interconnectedness of people, cultures, economies, and nations across the globe. It has been driven by advances in technology, trade, and communication, making the world a smaller and more interdependent place.
One of the most noticeable aspects of globalization is the rise of multinational corporations. Companies like Apple, Google, and Coca-Cola have a global presence and impact. They operate in multiple countries, manufacture products in one part of the world, and sell them in another. This has led to greater access to goods and services for consumers worldwide but has also raised questions about economic inequality and exploitation.
Globalization has also transformed the way we communicate. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have connected people from different corners of the world. Information and news now travel at lightning speed, influencing public opinion and shaping global events. However, this instant connectivity has also brought concerns about privacy, misinformation, and cyberbullying.
The impact of globalization is evident in culture and lifestyle as well. The exchange of music, movies, and fashion trends between countries has created a global pop culture. People can enjoy sushi in New York, listen to K-pop in Brazil, or watch Hollywood movies in India. While this cultural exchange can be enriching, it has also led to fears of cultural homogenization and the loss of local traditions.
In conclusion, globalization has profoundly affected our world in various ways, from economics to culture to communication. It has opened up opportunities and posed challenges that societies must address in our interconnected global community.

FONTE: Adapted from: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/ globalization. Accessed on October 10, 2023.
Choose the CORRECT option to complete the sentences:
A car is ___________ (fast) a train. Megan’s report is __________ (good) Tina’s report. A Ferrari is __________ (expensive) a Onix.
Na Sociologia de Max Weber (2016), a ação social é o dado central para a compreensão dos fenômenos de qualquer realidade social. Conforme a perspectiva weberiana, uma ação é social quando é orientada pelas ações de outras pessoas. Uma ação social está referendada em ações passadas, presentes ou esperadas como sendo futuras e essas “outras pessoas” podem ser indivíduos conhecidos ou desconhecidos daquele que pratica a ação. O praticante da ação age referendado em ações de outros e, assim, toda ação para ser social, não importa se moralmente boa ou reprovável, não importa se racional ou não, possui um sentido (uma direção) na mente do indivíduo, o qual tem como referência subjetiva (na mente dele ou dela que pratica a ação) as ações de outros.
WEBER, Max. “II. O conceito de ação social” IN ______. Metodologia das Ciências Sociais. São Paulo: Ed Cortez; Campinas-SP: ED Unicamp, 2016.
Partindo dessa compreensão de Weber (2016), considere as seguintes afirmações:
I. Aquele que joga pedra em um ônibus, em tempos de paralisação grevista dos coletivos, realiza uma ação social desde que execute esta ação tendo como referência subjetiva esta forma de protestar.
II. A pessoa que aposta no Jogo do Bicho, nas periferias das cidades brasileiras, pratica um tipo de ação social, desde que aja em conformidade com o seu sonho de três noites anteriores.
III. Bater em torcedores rivais com excessiva força e raiva é um tipo de ação social a partir do momento em que o agente desta ação imagine que é “assim que se faz” quando nas brigas entre torcidas.
IV. Investir no Mercado de Ações e Derivativos é uma ação social, desde que o investidor vise, em sua mente, seus ganhos futuros de acordo com a movimentação dos agentes econômicos.
Corresponde a ação social, na perspectiva teórico-conceitual de Max Weber, somente o que consta em
William Shakespeare is regarded as one of the greatest playwrights and poets of all time. He wrote numerous works that are still studied and performed today, including tragedies, comedies, and historical plays. Below are listed some of these works. Mark the alternative that presents three works by Shakespeare:
The expression "break a leg" is often used in English-speaking countries, especially in theaters and performances. It might seem unusual or even negative when taken literally, but it carries a different meaning. What does "break a leg" mean?
READ TEXT 4 FOR THE QUESTION:


“(…) Black English (African American Vernacular –AAV), has a distinctive use of be as a main verb, expressing iteration rather than instantaneous or constant states. Although the Standard English phrases will be and would be can have a meaning similar to Black English be, phonological deletion of these modals cannot account for all occurrences of be in Black English. It is argued that the best analysis is one which recognizes only one verb to be, which can occur without tense.”


(Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/412334)
Which one of the following options best describes teaching social and cultural variation in the English Language?
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