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It is suggested that the field of language teaching has moved away from a reliance on prescriptive methods towards a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of language learning. For example, Richards and Rodgers (1986) note that there have been calls to abandon the search for a single “supermethod” and to instead focus on equipping teachers with “a repertoire of methods and skills that can be used selectively in different contexts”. This reflects a move away from the idea that there is one “right” way to teach language, and towards an approach that values flexibility, adaptability, and a recognition of the diverse contexts in which language learning takes place (Richards, 2001).

Realistically speaking, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages; up till now, no method has been empirically proven the best for all language educators to blindly adopt without discussion. For example, the current great enthusiasm for (and wide adoption of) the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) method in Egypt can be attributed to the failure of the previously adopted method (i.e. the Grammar-Translation Method) to meet the national language learning goals. It failed to develop a language learner who can communicate properly in English. This does not mean that the CLT will stay forever, especially in this Information and Communication Technology-dominated age (ICT) that has been changing the nature of language and how it should be taught (Abdallah, 2011).

(M. Abdallah, 2024. Disponível em: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED660475.pdf. Adaptado)

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De acordo com a pesquisa de Borges (2020), a Resolução CNE/CEB de 2001, um importante documento que instituiu as Diretrizes Nacionais para a Educação Especial na Educação Básica, apresenta dois tipos de professores para atuar com os estudantes que fazem parte do público-alvo da educação especial: os professores capacitados e os professores especializados.

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The aim of this research was to examine three important components of foreign language pronunciation instruction and the connections between them: amount, actual practices, and teachers’ beliefs. The data consisted of 45 video-recorded lessons in French-as-a-foreign-language in six secondary schools in Norway and semistructured interviews conducted with the same teachers whose instruction was previously video-recorded. The video-recorded lessons were analysed for amount and actual practices of pronunciation instruction and the interviews were analysed for teachers’ background in and beliefs about phonetics and pronunciation pedagogy. Results indicated that: (1) on average, pronunciation instruction accounted for a very small part of the teaching time (less than 2%); (2) despite the emphasis on segmentals and suprasegmentals in pronunciation teaching literature, explicit teaching of segmental and suprasegmental features of speech was rare in the recorded material; (3) there is a need for more training in and knowledge of phonetics and pronunciation pedagogy. These findings might be used to address concerns regarding the role of pronunciation instruction in foreign language teaching and to define factors that may account for the difficulty of making pronunciation instruction an integral part of language teaching.

(Altijana Brkan, Eva Thue Vold. https://www.uv.uio.no. Adaptado)

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Eram 29 dias de dezembro de 1903, quando Candido Portinari nasceu em uma fazenda de café, próxima à cidadezinha de Brodowski, no estado de São Paulo. Seus pais eram italianos imigrantes da região do Vêneto. A família era muito humilde e a infância do pintor foi marcada pela pobreza. A educação formal de Portinari se limitou à instrução primária. No entanto, desde muito jovem, ele já demonstrava seu talento e sua vocação artística, começando a pintar aos nove anos de idade.

Quando tinha 15 anos, Portinari deixou Brodowski e partiu rumo ao Rio de Janeiro, onde se matriculou na Escola Nacional de Belas-Artes. Em 1928, seu talento não passou despercebido e foi reconhecido com a conquista do Prêmio de Viagem à Europa por seu Retrato de Olegário Mariano. Esta foi, de fato, uma virada de página em sua trajetória. Quem diria que aquele menino que cresceu em Brodowski estaria passando uma temporada na França? E foi durante sua estadia em Paris, em 1930, que ele viu sua terra natal por uma perspectiva diferente. Isso o inspirou a pintar o Brasil com todas as suas características distintas – sua história, seu povo, sua cultura, sua flora e sua fauna. Então, decidiu: “Vou pintar aquela gente com aquela roupa e com aquela cor”.

Quando voltou ao Brasil, em 1931, Portinari colocou seu sonho em prática e passou a retratar o país em suas obras. Seus murais, pinturas, desenhos e gravuras revelaram a essência da alma brasileira, destacando tanto a alegria e a beleza quanto as dificuldades e a dor enfrentadas pelo povo. Neste momento, toda a sua expressão artística começou a transcender o academicismo de sua formação, juntando a ciência antiga da pintura a uma personalidade experimentalista moderna.

O escritor Antônio Callado descreveu a obra de Portinari como um “monumental livro de arte que ensina os brasileiros a amarem mais sua terra”.

(Notas biográficas: Candido Portinari. Disponível em: https://www.portinari.org.br/o-artista/notas-biograficas. Acesso em 06.05.2025).

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CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) is an approach which is neither language learning nor subject learning, but an amalgam of both and is linked to the processes of convergence – the fusion of elements which may have been previously fragmented, such as subjects in the curriculum. This is where CLIL is groundbreaking.

To give a parallel example common in recent times, we can take studies on the environment. A seminal publication on the subject in the 1960s later led to a need to educate young people in schools so as to both inform and, perhaps more crucially, influence behavior. Topics relating to the environment could already be found in chemistry, economics, geography, physics, and even psychology. Yet, as climate change became increasingly worrying, education responded with the introduction of a new subject: “Environmental studies”.

In order to structure this new subject, teachers of different disciplines would have needed to climb out of their respective mindsets grounded in physics, chemistry, geography, psychology and so on, to explore ways of building an integrated curriculum, and to develop alternative methodologies by which to implement it. Climate change is a global and local phenomenon, so the increasing availability in some countries of information and communication technologies during the 1990s provided tools by which to make some of these methodologies operational.

If we return to languages and CLIL, we have a similar situation. The late 1990s meant that educational insight was firmly set on achieving a high degree of language awareness. Appropriate methodologies were to be used to attain the best possible results in a way which accommodated diverse learning styles.

(D. Coyle, P. Hood, D. Marsh. CLIL: content language integrated learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2010.)