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Por qué los noctámbulos tienen más riesgo de morir antes: es el alcohol y el tabaco, no los hábitos de sueño

Un nuevo estudio descarta una relación directa entre la nocturnidad y una mayor mortalidad, pero encuentra que quienes se acuestan y levantan más tarde tienen más probabilidad de ser fumadores y bebedores

"Los seres humanos somos animales diurnos", como explica María Ángeles Bonmatí, investigadora postdoctotal de CIBER (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) y autora del libro Que nada te quite el sueño (Crítica). Es decir, estamos preparados fisiológicamente para tener actividad durante el día y para descansar durante la noche. Sin embargo, dentro de ese patrón general, añade Bonmatí, "las personas se pueden clasificar en distintos cronotipos" en función de sus relojes internos, condicionados por sus ritmos circadianos. Simplificando, se puede hablar de personas con cronotipo vespertino y personas con cronotipo matutino.

Comparte esta opinión María Ángeles Bonmatí, que apunta que, aunque el cronotipo vespertino ya se había asociado a una mayor probabilidad de presentar factores de riesgo cardiovascular (como la obesidad o el consumo de tabaco), la realidad es que los estudios al respecto "mostraban un incremento en la mortalidad con el cronotipo vespertino, independientemente de estos factores asociados".

El País (modificado)

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HVAC Contractors Need to Adapt to Repair Market

Repair or replace is a question homeowners often need to answer, and it greatly impacts an HVAC contractor's business. During COVID, the residential HVAC industry saw a replacement market boom. But in 2023 and now the beginning of 2024, there has been a shift to a repair market that HVAC contractors need to be aware of as they run their businesses.

According to numbers from the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI), shipments of unitary air conditioners and heat pumps were down 16.7% in 2023, compared to 2022. Gas furnaces were down 23%.

"The replacement market is performing worse when you strip out new construction," said industry leader Matt Michel. "Housing starts were down around 5%, according to the St. Louis Federal Reserve, so the replacement market for unitary air conditioners and heat pumps was down in the low 20s."

Distributors are seeing similar numbers, according to the Heating, Air-conditioning, & Refrigeration Distributors International (HARDI).

"We definitely are seeing a shift here. And that shift has actually been visible for some time," said Tim Fisher, HARDI director of market intelligence.

HARDI receives data from FieldEdge on the invoice and quote trends exhibited by their users. Invoices reflect work that has been completed, whereas quotes reflect potential future work and are most often provided for new system installations. HARDI has found that, over time, the ratio of new invoices to new quotes is a useful indicator of whether a market is trending more toward repair than replace and vice versa.

The numbers show the annual growth rate bottomed out in the spring of 2022 but remained negative through most of the year, indicating that replacement trends were broadly higher in 2022 than in 2021. That figure increased through 2023, peaking in May but generally remaining positive for most of the year. While the three-month growth rate has slowed in recent months — an encouraging sign — they don't expect much of a negative drift in 2024, meaning that repair versus replace trends will broadly remain similar to where they were in 2023.

So why is this change happening? It can't be attributed to any single factor but rather a combination of items. Certainly, higher costs of both HVAC systems and housing in general play a role.

"Adapting to the economy is something contractors need to do. We can't just assume people are going to reach into their pocket and replace," said ACCA CEO Bart James. "Contractors need to help customers get through the current need. People are slowing down on theirspending. People are worried about what is coming and how they are preparing for it. Wages and other things are not keeping up with how fast prices are going up."

James said reading the numbers shows there is a shift in the home improvement market.

"Just look at the Walmart and Home Depot quarterly projections. Walmart did well with more visits but had smaller purchases, while Home Depot did not hit their numbers. That tells you that people are handling investments into housing differently. That will catch up with HVAC, too. "Contractors need to prepare by making investments in their team to meet the needs of the customer. And that need is not always a replacement option but also can be a repair option," James continued.

The sluggish home resale market is another reason for the shift towards a repair market. "Home improvement spending, in aggregate, tends to follow existing home sales totals nationally," Fisher said. "People invest more in their homes prior to selling to boost its value, and new homeowners spend more in their first year of moving than homeowners who stay put. This has major implications for HVAC replacement demand, which, historically, peaks when existing home sales are at their highest and falls off when existing home sales decline.

"Both the 3-month and 12-month growth rates bottomed out earlier in 2023, and while still negative, have slowed significantly," he continued. "We believe that home sale totals are at or nearing their trough, and over the duration of 2024 should steadily improve and finish at or ahead of 2023 totals."

The final reason is the cyclical nature of HVAC. It reflects the shipment cliff from 15 years ago, when the industry contracted 40% after peak shipments in 2005. Contractors cannot replace what was never installed.

How do HVAC contractors deal with this shift? Michel believes they should embrace the repair market.

"The money is better in replacements," he said. "It always has been and always will be. However, margins are better in service. For the next couple of years, anyway, contractors should focus on building up their service business and making money on it."

Since service involves more labor, and labor carries more overhead than equipment and material, keeping a close watch on overhead expenses is a must.

"Contractors need to build the service base, watch your marketing expenses drop, and down the road, the replacement margins and close rates to a satisfied service base will rise," Michel said. "Once we get past the shipment cliff, the replacement market will begin a decade-long run with every year being better than the year before it. We know this because it's what happened in the past, and when it comes to replacements, the past truly is a prologue."

Contractors in most parts of the country are already feeling the pinch of a slower market, and their experiences in 2024 are unlikely to be much different from their experiences in 2023 though rebounds from themilder temperatures we saw during peak months last year would go a long way in improving demand in 2024.

HARDI advises contractors should consider the following six tactics in '24:

• 
  
• •Offer financing options: Any homeowner considering a new system is likely going to feel some sticker shock if it's been a few years since they
• last bought a system. Financing a new system helps to alleviate that shock, making the big sticker prices much more palatable monthly payments.
• •Protect margins: Work to ensure that your pricing for jobs is consistent with market trends, and attempt to pass through as much of the higher system costs as possible. Likewise, now is a critical time to manage operating expenses closely. Together, good cost  management and smart pricing can help protect business margins in 2024.
• •Educate homeowners: Many homeowners may not fully understand the long-term benefits of replacing their HVAC system versus frequent repairs. Offer educational materials, such as blog posts, videos, or pamphlets, explaining the advantages of a new system 
• in terms of energy efficiency, lower maintenance costs, and improved IAQ. Also, be sure to make clear to your customers which incentives they may qualify for through IRA or other state-level rebate/incentive programs. 
• •Focus on value proposition: Emphasize the value proposition of a new HVAC system, highlighting its reliability, longevity, and performance. Help homeowners understand that investing in a replacement now can save  them money and hassle in the long run.
• •Offer maintenance packages: Create maintenance packages that bundle regular servicing with discounts on repairs or replacements. This can encourage homeowners to invest in preventive maintenance and build a long-term relationship with your company. 
• •Diversify services: Explore diversifying your services beyond just HVAC installations and repairs. For example, you could offer IAQ assessments, smart thermostat installations, or energy audits to provide additional value to homeowners and generate new revenue streams.

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/154324-hvac-contractors-need-to-ad apt-to-repair-market

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Por que alguns vegetais correm risco de extinção

Muitos dos alimentos são objeto da invenção, imaginação e sabedoria de centenas de gerações de agricultores e cozinheiros.

Isto é: nossos ancestrais melhoraram, adaptaram e tornaram comestíveis alguns frutos da terra ao longo de milhares de anos. Mas, em nossos tempos, essa rica diversidade está se perdendo rapidamente.

Saladino viajou para vários cantos do planeta para conhecer comunidades que cultivam e preparam alimentos tão únicos e ameaçados quanto seus estilos de vida. O jornalista alerta para "a imensidão do que estamos perdendo" e afirma que o nosso atual sistema de produção alimentar altamente intensivo "contribui para a destruição do planeta".

Dan Saladino conversou com a BBC News Mundo. Na entrevista, ele defendeu que os alimentos ameaçados compõem um verdadeiro tesouro, alertou para os riscos de um mundo cada vez mais uniforme e deu sugestões do que fazer para combater a perda da diversidade.

O primeiro programa que fiz me levou para a Sicília. Fui lá esperando contar a colheita de cítricos em tom de festa. Minha família vem da Sicília e eu sabia que as frutas cítricas impactavam a cultura, a paisagem e a identidade da ilha por milhares de anos

Mas, ao conversar com produtores das típicas laranjas da Sicília, eles me disseram que colhiam sua última safra, porque com a demanda por variedades importadas, os pequenos agricultores não podiam mais continuar.

Uma imagem comovente é aquela contada por Cary Fowler, o cientista que teve a ideia de criar o banco de sementes diversificado de Svalbard, no Ártico da Noruega. Ele disse que muitos visitantes do banco de sementes saem chorando e dizendo que "as sementes são resultado do trabalho de meus ancestrais e também de seus ancestrais".

Quaisquer que sejam os ingredientes que você use, gostaria de convidá-lo a parar por um momento e pensar que há uma história por trás desse ingrediente, uma história de milhares e milhares de anos de agricultores que adaptaram o cultivo para que ele chegasse ao seu prato. Conhecer essa história é importante.

Também os convidaria a comprar outra variedade deste ingrediente, com visual e sabor diferentes, em uma próxima oportunidade. E convido todos também a estabelecer contato com quem produz seus alimentos.

Um agricultor chinês de setenta anos cultiva uma variedade ameaçada de arroz vermelho. Quando perguntei como ele conseguia vender o produto, ele pegou o celular e me mostrou como se comunicava com os consumidores em Pequim por meio do Wechat, que é como o WhatsApp na China. Com a tecnologia moderna, é possível conectar-se com as pessoas que cultivam nossos alimentos e incentivá-las a fornecer mais diversidade no futuro.

https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/articles/cd1065ryqn9o. Adaptado.